Drug Intermediates -Pharmaceutical intermediates: A material that is produced during a process step of the drug substance and must undergo further molecular changes or refining before it becomes a drug substance. The intermediates can be separated or not separated.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIS)(or Drug Substance) : Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)(or Drug Substance) : Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, to be an active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activity or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function and structure of the body. As can be seen from the definition, the Intermediates APIS is a key product of the previous process of manufacturing the API and has a different structure from the API
Finally, for example, amoxicillin capsules are called preparations, amoxicillin is called APIS, and 6-APA is called Veterinary Intermediates APIS.
Penicillin potassium for injection is called preparation, penicillin potassium is called Veterinary raw materials, and green potassium industrial salt is called intermediate
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How to prevent and treat diseases and pests after falling pears
After the pears fall, pests and diseases that have been overwintering begin to move to new vulnerable areas. This is a crucial time for managing infestations and preventing damage. The main issues include pear rot disease, pear ringworm, pear black spot, and various insect pests such as Pyrus malpighi, pear stem bee, pear real bee, crickets, beetles, and locusts.
Pear rot disease and pear ringworm are at their peak in spring. It's essential to continue treating old bark and lesions on branches. After scraping, apply 45% Schneiders Ning diluted 50 to 150 times and spread it over the affected areas.
Pear scab overwinters in the scales of infected shoots. As spring progresses, these diseased shoots start to grow and can produce between 100,000 to 700,000 spores per day, continuing for 38 to 57 days. The more diseased shoots present, the higher the risk of infection. Therefore, after the harvest, it's important to intensify control measures. Steps include removing and burning or burying infected tips, followed by applying protective fungicides.
Spiral borers typically have two to three generations per year and are known for feeding on buds and fruits. When young pears reach the size of a thumb, the borers move from the dead calyx to the developing fruit. Larvae can damage 1 to 4 fruits each. To manage this, use systemic insecticides like 40% Good Labor.
Pyrus malpighi, also known as the Oriental fruit moth or Peach Pieris, has four to five generations annually. These pests often affect nearby peach and plum trees, primarily damaging young shoots. It’s important to prune and remove infested parts promptly.
The pyramid bee, also called the larvae and cuttlebone, completes one generation per year. Adults begin laying eggs when new shoots reach 10 to 15 cm in length. Eggs are laid on the tip of 6 to 7 cm shoots. To manage this, spray insecticides to target adults and cut off the affected shoots 3 to 4 cm below the damaged area.
Pygma, which completes one life cycle per year, mainly attacks during the flowering to fruiting stage. At this time, larvae are often found in the calyx. A combination of 40% Good Labor and 2.5% pheromone is effective for prevention and treatment.
During the management process, it's important to avoid high concentrations of chemicals, as they may cause fruit drop. Use protective fungicides and, if there is drought, water sparingly—avoid flooding, as excessive moisture can promote vegetative growth and lead to fruit drop. After the harvest, spraying a 0.5% borax solution, calcium chloride, or calcium nitrate can help improve fruit quality and reduce physiological disorders.