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Anti-bagging apple black spot disease
In recent years, the increasing prevalence of pests and diseases in bagged apples has become a growing concern, largely due to climate anomalies and improper management practices. Among these issues, black spot disease has emerged as a particularly problematic condition. Although it does not cause rot, it significantly reduces the market value of the fruit, thereby negatively impacting farmers' income. To address this challenge, the author has compiled agricultural production experience and conducted six years of experiments, demonstrations, and promotions, ultimately achieving remarkable control results.
First, it is crucial to bag the fruit when the surface is dry. Black spot disease is primarily caused by the infection of *Fusarium* and *Alternaria alternata*. These pathogens typically do not infect the fruit under normal conditions but thrive in high temperature and humidity environments. The optimal time for bagging is in mid-June, starting after the morning dew has dried and closing the bags before the next dew forms—specifically between 8-11 AM and 2-6 PM. After rain, the fruit and leaves must be fully dry before bagging. It's important to ensure the bags are tightly sealed to prevent water from entering.
Second, timely application of fungicides is essential. Young fruits are highly susceptible to pathogen infections. If effective fungicides are not applied before bagging, any residual bacteria on the fruit surface can rapidly multiply, worsening the occurrence of black spot disease. Therefore, two types of insecticides should be sprayed before bagging. A protective fungicide like 80% Dasheng M-45 should be applied 7–10 days after flowering, during the spring shoot growth phase (late May), to kill bacteria and protect both leaves and young fruits. At the same time, insecticides should be used to manage pests such as red spider mites, aphids, and leaf rollers. In mid-June, before bagging, a combination of thiophanate-methyl and 80% Dasheng M-45 should be sprayed. Bagging should begin within three days of spraying and be completed quickly. If it rains during the process, additional bactericides should be applied. However, products like mancozeb, tetramycin, and copper-based fungicides should be avoided before bagging to prevent hidden disease. In late September, after removing the inner bag for two days, spray 80% Dasheng M-45 again to prevent late bacterial infections.
Third, using high-quality paper bags is essential. Due to the rising prices of bagged fruits, many manufacturers have increased production, but some paper bags do not meet quality standards. Poor-quality viscose used in the sealing of bags may damage young fruit, leading to skin injuries and black spots. Field trials have shown that brands like "Dongmatun" from Japan’s Kobayashi, "Jiatian" from Taiwan, and the Wafangdian East Matun Fruit Industry Association produce better-quality bags with less leakage and improved performance under similar environmental conditions. These bags have significantly reduced the incidence of black spot disease and are suitable for large-scale use.
Fourth, proper summer pruning plays a key role in disease prevention. Activities such as branch pulling and tip removal enhance air circulation and light penetration in the orchard, improving tree resilience. Additionally, timely removal of water sprouts from the tree trunk is an effective strategy to reduce the occurrence of black spot disease.