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Anti-bagging apple black spot disease
In recent years, the increasing prevalence of pests and diseases in bagged apples has become a major concern for farmers, largely due to climate anomalies and poor management practices. Among these, black spot disease has become particularly prominent. Although it does not cause rot, it significantly reduces the commercial value of the fruit, leading to lower profits for growers. To address this issue, the author compiled agricultural experience over six years of research, experimentation, demonstration, and promotion, achieving notable results in controlling the disease.
First, it is crucial to bag the fruit when the surface is dry. Black spot disease is caused by the pathogens *Fusarium* and *Alternaria*, which typically do not infect the fruit under normal conditions. However, under high temperature and humidity, they can multiply and cause infection. The best time to begin bagging is in mid-June, after the morning dew has evaporated, and before the next dew forms—ideally between 8-11 AM and 2-6 PM. After rain, it is essential to wait until both the leaves and fruit are completely dry before bagging. Ensure the bags are tightly sealed to prevent moisture from entering.
Second, timely application of fungicides is vital. Young fruits are highly susceptible to pathogen infection. If effective fungicides are not applied before bagging, any remaining bacteria on the fruit surface can rapidly spread, worsening the occurrence of black spot disease. Therefore, two types of insecticides should be sprayed before bagging. Specifically, a protective fungicide like 80% Dasheng M-45 should be applied 7–10 days after flowering (around late May, during the spring shoot growth phase) to protect young fruit and leaves from infection. At the same time, insecticides should be used to control pests such as red spider mites, aphids, and leaf rollers. In mid-June, just before bagging, a combination of thiophanate-methyl and 80% Dasheng M-45 should be sprayed. Bagging should be done within three days of spraying, and the process should be completed quickly. If it rains during bagging, additional bactericides must be applied. However, products like mancozeb, tetraconazole, or copper-based fungicides should be avoided before bagging to prevent hidden infections. In late September, after removing the inner bag for two days, another round of 80% Dasheng M-45 should be sprayed to prevent late-stage bacterial infections.
Third, using high-quality paper bags is essential. Due to the high market price of bagged apples, many manufacturers have increased production. However, some low-quality bags are now being used, especially those with inferior sealing materials that may damage young fruit, leading to skin holes and black spots. Based on field experience, paper bags from brands like "Dongmatun" by Japan's Kobayashi, "Jiatian" from Taiwan, and the Wafangdian East Matun Fruit Industry Association have proven to be more reliable. These bags have better sealing quality, fewer openings, and perform well under similar environmental conditions, significantly reducing the incidence of black spot disease.
Fourth, proper summer pruning plays a key role in disease prevention. Activities such as branch pulling and tip removal improve air circulation and light penetration in the orchard, enhancing tree resistance. Additionally, timely removal of water sprouts from the tree trunk is an effective strategy to reduce the occurrence of black spot disease.