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Question of artificial seedlings of calamari
Sepia esculenta is a highly nutritious and flavorful marine species with a short growth cycle, making it a promising protein source for aquaculture. In recent years, we have conducted preliminary research on artificial breeding techniques for this cuttlefish and identified key challenges in the nursery stage. Below are the main points discussed.
1. **Selecting Natural Spawning Grounds and Timing Egg Collection**
Adult cuttlefish typically inhabit coastal waters 2 to 5 nautical miles from shore, at depths between 40 and 100 meters. The seabed consists of shells, gravel, coral reefs, and seaweed patches. Rishan Bay in Rizhao, Shandong, serves as the primary habitat and spawning ground for the Golden Cuttlefish. Adults can weigh up to 1–1.5 kg, and their spawning season runs from March to May. Each adult lays approximately 1,000–1,500 eggs over several days, usually from midday to dusk. Eggs are laid on coral branches or structures, forming clusters. To collect fertilized eggs, we deploy custom-designed egg collectors into the sea during mid-March when spawning begins. These devices are anchored to the seafloor and marked on the surface. The collectors use 3 cm mesh polyethylene nets mounted on bamboo rods, with a tapered opening to guide eggs inside. Seaweed sticks are hung inside to mimic natural substrates.
2. **Timely Harvest and Careful Transport**
Egg collection occurs by mid-May, followed by disinfection and washing. Harvesters are carefully removed, cleaned, and transported to the nursery. During transport, wet seaweed covers the bottom, and eggs are placed flat to avoid damage. The top is covered with wet sacks to protect from sunlight. Upon arrival, eggs are soaked in a streptomycin or potassium permanganate solution for 30 minutes, then transferred to fresh seawater pools. The nets and branches are removed, and the eggs are suspended about 20 cm above the pool floor. This marks the start of the incubation phase.
3. **Maintaining Water Quality**
Water quality is critical during early development. Initially, water is changed daily, with contaminants and decaying materials removed regularly. The temperature should closely match that of the natural spawning area (18–19°C), rising gradually as the season progresses. A temperature increase of more than 1°C within two days may cause stress, so underground seawater can be used to regulate the rate. When the temperature reaches 23°C, constant temperature conditions are maintained. Fertilized eggs hatch after 10–20 days, and hatchlings are collected and placed in cages. Water changes increase to 2–3 times per day, using clean seawater. Care must be taken during handling to avoid damaging the delicate young squid.
4. **Providing Appropriate Feed**
Light intensity should be controlled at 500–1,000 lux to ensure optimal conditions for hatching. Small squid begin feeding 1–2 days after hatching, starting with artificially hatched Artemia. Feeding is gradually increased as the squid grow, with larger Artemia sizes introduced over time. After 10 days, shading is reduced, and feed is transitioned to larval shrimp or copepods from natural seawater. If available, saltworms from brine pools can also be used. A 60–80 mesh net cage is placed in the corner of the tank to keep Artemia fresh and accessible. Intensive rearing lasts 30–45 days before the squid are moved to larger cultivation pools.
5. **Managing Salinity Levels**
Sepia esculenta is a low-salinity-sensitive species, with a safe salinity limit of around 30‰. After domestication, this can drop to 28‰, but below that, the squid show signs of distress. Controlling salinity is especially challenging during the rainy season. To manage this, we pre-fill reservoirs with seawater before heavy rains, reduce water exchange, and avoid unnecessary changes if no storage is available. If long-term flooding occurs without storage, small amounts of water are exchanged, and new water is pre-adjusted to match the existing salinity using coarse salt before being added to the tanks.