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Problems in deep-water cage culture
Deep-water cage aquaculture has become an important part of marine farming, but it faces numerous challenges that threaten its sustainability and environmental health. These issues need to be addressed through better management and more scientific approaches.
One major problem is the unreasonable layout of cages and inadequate management practices. Many net cages are located in semi-enclosed inner bays where the density is too high, exceeding the ecological carrying capacity of the area. This leads to poor water circulation, low oxygen levels, and accumulation of waste such as leftover bait and fish feces. As a result, water quality deteriorates, causing fish suffocation and disease outbreaks. Poor feeding practices also contribute to the problem—fishermen often feed fresh fish without proper disinfection, leading to high levels of ammonia and nitrogen. Dead or sick fish are sometimes discarded directly into the sea, along with household waste, further worsening pollution.
Another issue is the limited variety of farmed species and their low economic value. While some high-value species like river fish are cultivated, many farms focus on lower-value species such as black river fish. Over time, inbreeding has led to genetic degradation, resulting in smaller fish, early maturation, slower growth, and poor meat quality. Even though these species may have high yields, their low market value makes the overall efficiency of aquaculture low.
Feeding practices also pose significant challenges. Most farms rely on chilled live bait, which not only depletes wild fish stocks but also pollutes the water. The supply of live bait is unstable due to weather, season, and ocean conditions, making it hard to maintain consistent production. Additionally, this method increases the risk of disease due to poor water quality and uncontrolled waste. The feed conversion rate is low, and nutritional imbalances lead to higher costs and lower productivity.
The overuse of antibiotics and other drugs is another serious concern. Long-term use of chilled mixed fish creates ideal conditions for pathogens to thrive, leading to more complex and frequent fish diseases. Excessive drug use not only harms the environment by contaminating water but also increases pathogen resistance, raising breeding costs and posing risks to human health.
To ensure the healthy development of deep-water cage aquaculture, several strategies must be implemented. First, scientific planning and proper cage layout are essential. Environmental carrying capacity should be assessed, and policies should guide the relocation of densely packed cages to less polluted areas. Farmers should also receive training to improve their management skills and awareness of sustainable practices.
Second, selecting and breeding high-quality fish varieties is crucial. Through selective breeding and genetic improvement, we can develop disease-resistant, fast-growing, and high-quality fish strains. Introducing new breeds and enhancing genetic diversity will help improve the resilience and productivity of aquaculture.
Third, promoting the use of high-quality artificial feeds can significantly reduce environmental impact. Feeds should be formulated based on the nutritional needs of different fish species and life stages, improving efficiency and reducing waste. This shift away from live bait helps protect marine ecosystems and ensures better water quality.
Finally, strengthening disease prevention and adopting a healthier breeding model is essential. Reducing stocking density, limiting antibiotic use, and developing safe, low-residue medications can help control disease outbreaks. Implementing scientific techniques, monitoring systems, and timely interventions will prevent the spread of illness. After a period of culture, moving cages to new areas allows the previous site to recover, maintaining long-term environmental balance.
By addressing these issues and implementing effective strategies, deep-water cage aquaculture can become more sustainable, productive, and environmentally friendly.