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Problems in deep-water cage culture
1. Problems in Deep-Water Cage Culture
1.1 Unreasonable Layout of Cages and Inadequate Management Measures
Most net cages are located in semi-enclosed inner bays, but their arrangement is often irrational and overly dense, exceeding the environmental carrying capacity of the area. This leads to high fish density in limited water spaces, with some cages holding more than 40 fish per cubic meter. Such overcrowding causes poor water circulation, severe oxygen depletion, and accumulation of uneaten bait and fish waste, which pollute the surrounding waters. Fish suffocation is common, and poor management practices—such as unregulated feeding, using low-quality fresh fish without disinfection, and improper disposal of dead or sick fish—further worsen the situation. Additionally, wastewater, household garbage, and other pollutants are often dumped into the sea, intensifying environmental degradation.
1.2 Limited Species Diversity and Low Economic Value
The range of aquaculture species is narrow, with many farms focusing on low-value fish such as black river fish, despite the presence of higher-value species like river fish. Over generations of inbreeding has led to significant genetic degradation, resulting in smaller fish, early sexual maturation, slower growth, and lower meat quality. Even though some species have high yields, their economic value remains low, leading to inefficient operations and reduced profitability.
1.3 Use of Chilled Bait and Environmental Pollution
Many farms still rely on live bait, which not only strains wild fish stocks but also causes pollution and water quality deterioration. The supply of bait is unpredictable due to weather, seasonal changes, and ocean conditions, making it difficult to maintain consistent feeding. This instability increases disease risks, as poor water quality and inconsistent feed supply can trigger outbreaks. Additionally, the feed conversion ratio is high, leading to nutritional imbalances, higher costs, and lower productivity.
1.4 Overuse of Medicines and Health Risks
Long-term use of chilled mixed fish as feed has created an environment conducive to pathogen growth, leading to increasingly complex fish diseases. The overuse of antibiotics and improper medication practices not only pollutes the water but also promotes drug-resistant pathogens. This raises breeding costs and poses serious threats to human health through contaminated seafood.
2. Strategies for Healthy Development of Deep-Water Cage Culture
2.1 Scientific Planning and Improved Management
To address these issues, it's essential to conduct comprehensive studies on the environmental capacity of sea areas and implement macro-level planning. This includes relocating densely packed cages to less sensitive zones, reducing pressure on inner bays, and improving water quality. Farmers should also receive regular training to enhance their understanding of scientific aquaculture practices, ensuring better management and more sustainable operations.
2.2 Breeding High-Quality Fish Species
Developing high-quality fish varieties through selective breeding and genetic improvement is crucial. Introducing new breeds with better disease resistance and cultivating polyploid or monophyletic seedlings can help restore fish populations and improve overall quality. This approach supports long-term sustainability and economic viability.
2.3 Using High-Quality Feed to Reduce Pollution
Switching to artificial, nutritionally balanced diets tailored to the needs of different fish species and life stages can significantly improve feed utilization while minimizing environmental impact. This reduces reliance on live bait, lowers pollution, and enhances fish health and growth efficiency.
2.4 Strengthening Disease Prevention and Sustainable Practices
Implementing strict disease control measures, reducing stocking densities, and promoting the use of safe, low-residue medications are key to a healthier aquaculture system. Adopting scientific culture techniques, monitoring disease trends, and promptly isolating affected fish can prevent outbreaks. After a certain period, moving cages to new areas allows the previous site to recover, maintaining ecological balance and supporting long-term aquaculture development.