Occurrence and Control of Brown Rot of Zucchini

Symptoms

The pathogenic bacteria infect young fruits and spread through the peduncles, eventually affecting the entire plant. Infected melons develop a brown exterior, rapid soft rot, and in humid conditions, white mycelium appears on the affected areas. A faint gray to black head can be seen at the top of the fungus, *Mucor villosus*. In severe cases, the young fruits completely rot, commonly referred to as "fruit rot" or "rotten egg." In some instances, mature fruits may also show localized browning, softening, and rotting. The stems and petioles become brown and soft, leading to further damage.

Prevention

1. Start by selecting disease-resistant seeds and using seed treatments. If uncoated seeds are used, treat them with a seed disinfectant or soaking solution. Soak the seeds in 55°C warm water for 15 minutes, then ensure proper ventilation and dry them thoroughly. During summer, greenhouses can be sterilized by filling them with water, covering the ground with plastic film, and leaving it sealed for several days to use high temperature for disinfection.

2. Plant at the right time and promptly remove infected vines, leaves, and plants from the field. Dispose of them by burning. Practice crop rotation by avoiding planting melons in the same area for more than two years, and alternate with non-cucurbit crops.

3. Use mulch films for moisture control and irrigation management. Water appropriately and drain excess water after irrigation. Avoid overwatering, which can increase humidity inside greenhouses and create favorable conditions for disease development.

4. After fruit set, remove diseased flowers and young fruits immediately. Remove any remaining flowers and process them deeply to prevent spread. If flowers, stems, or petioles are infected, remove the affected parts and apply a diluted fungicide (about 50 times) to the infected areas. This method has proven effective in reducing disease incidence.

5. Chemical Control: Before transplanting, cover the soil with soybean residue and spray an insecticide and disinfectant. Apply 70% mancozeb wettable powder at 500 times dilution, 50% chlorothalonil at 1000 times, or 77% copper oxychloride at 400 times. For protection, 45% chlorothalonil can be used in fumigation at 200–250 grams per acre. Regular monitoring and timely application are key to managing this disease effectively.

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