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How bioactive peptides impact aquaculture
Peptides are organic compounds formed by the bonding of two or more amino acids via peptide bonds, which link the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amine group of another. Depending on the number and types of amino acids involved, these molecules can vary significantly. When composed of just two, three, or four amino acids, they're referred to as dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides, respectively. However, if a peptide contains more than seventy amino acids, it's typically classified as a protein.
In the 1950s, researchers discovered that peptides possess numerous health benefits. During this time, many peptides had their chemical structures determined, including notable ones like insulin and glucagon. Since then, significant efforts have been made to explore their synthesis, separation, and practical applications.
Peptides play a wide array of vital roles within the human body. Some serve as hormones or hormone regulators, while others act as neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, analgesics, and even antibiotics. Bioactive peptides, a subset of these molecules, are particularly intriguing because they can deliver various physiological effects or biological functions. According to López-Barrios, Gutiérrez-Uribe, and Serna-SaldÃvar, bioactive peptides are fragments of amino acid sequences found in proteins that confer specific biological functions and nutritional value.
Due to their smaller size compared to proteins, peptides are absorbed and utilized directly by the body. This absorption primarily occurs in the intestines and can produce functional properties similar to those of proteins. In animals, these molecules exhibit physiological or regulatory functions that are crucial for their development. For instance, the peptide PEC-6o activates ATPases in the small intestine and other tissues, enzymes critical for producing cellular energy, which is essential for life.
Some peptides also possess antimicrobial properties, playing a key role in maintaining the health of local microbiota. In the brain, various peptides regulate endocrine status, food intake, and behavior in animals. Consequently, peptides are viewed as valuable supplements in animal nutrition, especially in aquaculture.
Aquaculture, defined as the study and advancement of techniques for farming aquatic animals, has gained international recognition as the "Blue Revolution." This term draws parallels with the "Green Revolution," which marked agricultural advancements since the 1950s. The global aquaculture market has seen consistent growth, surpassing traditional fishing in terms of production and trade since 2016. Annual fish production through aquaculture reached 106 million tons in 2015, up from 16.5 million tons in 1989.
The growing aquaculture industry demands innovative solutions to optimize animal nutrition. Bioactive peptides, with their high absorption rates and multiple biological properties, represent promising additives for feeds intended for aquatic species. The Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a widely cultured fish species, exemplifies the challenges of balancing nutritional needs with animal acceptance. The cost of protein-rich feed constitutes a significant portion of aquaculture expenses, often reaching up to 70%.
Brazil, a leader in poultry and pork production, has explored by-products like viscera, feathers, and offal as protein sources. These materials can be processed into protein hydrolysates, reducing operational costs. A study involving Nile Tilapia fed a diet supplemented with Chicken Protein Hydrolysate (CPH), a product from BRF Ingredients, demonstrated improved blood pressure in cats, increased shrimp survival rates, and enhanced tilapia fillet yields. CPH, rich in bioactive peptides, offers specific functionalities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities, making it an attractive option for aquaculture feeds.
In conclusion, the rising aquaculture market underscores the need for comprehensive knowledge about species-specific diets. Chicken Protein Hydrolysate, produced through enzymatic hydrolysis, not only meets nutritional requirements but also provides the added advantage of bioactive peptides, which enhance animal health and performance while ensuring high acceptance by fish. As research progresses, bioactive peptides emerge as indispensable nutrients in the development of aquaculture feeds, ensuring optimal growth and health of aquatic species.
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