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Wenshan Prefecture: Persimmon High-yield Cultivation Management Technology
The "Japan Sweet Persimmon" High-Yield Demonstration Garden in Shalaoizhai, Pingba Town, Wenshan County, was established at the end of 2003. This project, funded by the Provincial Department of Finance, was part of the "Name, Special, and Excellent" agricultural product development initiative led by the Wenshan Prefecture Agricultural Technology Promotion Center. The primary objective was to support local farmers in adopting new agricultural varieties and technologies, aiming to boost production and increase income.
The demonstration garden operates through a collaborative model: the technical department supplies farmers with high-quality sweet persimmon seedlings and provides training on cultivation techniques, while the farmers are responsible for managing the planting area, fertilization, and other associated costs. All profits from the harvest belong to the farmers. With a total area of over 200 acres and 22,000 seedlings planted, the park features the Jiro and Japanese sweet persimmon varieties. Each acre is planted with 111 trees, including 3–5 pollination trees, and the survival rate after planting reached an impressive 95%. Now entering its fourth year, the orchard shows promising growth, with some trees beginning to bear fruit. The fruits are of high quality and well-received by the local community.
To ensure continued success, several key technical practices must be followed:
**(A) Scientific Fertilization and Rational Application**
Sweet persimmon trees grow more slowly than peaches or pears, so regular fertilization is essential. After planting, base fertilizer should be applied, followed by top dressing every 10 days for 5–6 times using diluted human excreta or a solution of urea and water. During the flowering period (early May) and fruit development (September–November), careful management of nutrients is crucial. Post-harvest, organic manure combined with superphosphate should be applied to replenish tree vitality. Additionally, during physiological fruit drop and one month before harvest, quick-release compound fertilizer can be used to promote fruit growth and flower bud formation.
Fertilization is divided into three critical periods:
1. **New shoot elongation and early fruit development**: Ensure sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
2. **Post-fruit drop**: Focus on potassium to support fruit enlargement.
3. **Post-harvest**: Replenish nutrients lost during fruiting.
Nitrogen should make up 60%–70% of the base fertilizer, with the remainder applied during the growing season. Phosphorus is best applied as base fertilizer, while potassium should be split between base and top dressing due to its high loss rate.
**(B) Soil Improvement and Environmental Management**
Ideal soil conditions for persimmon cultivation include deep, well-drained, and fertile soil. However, many orchards are located on slopes with poor physical properties, such as excessive gravel or weak water retention. To improve these conditions, organic matter like compost or bark can be added, along with grass cultivation or green manure. Drip irrigation and mulching help conserve water and soil. If the soil is too acidic, lime or dolomite powder can be applied to adjust pH levels. Organic fertilizers also help increase soil fertility and microbial activity, which is essential for long-term productivity.
**(C) Bud and Fruit Thinning**
Uncontrolled fruiting can lead to biennial bearing, where trees produce heavily one year and little the next. Timely thinning of buds and fruits helps maintain consistent yields and improves fruit quality. Buds should be removed, leaving only 1–2 buds per branch. After physiological fruit drop, excess fruits should be removed, maintaining a leaf-to-fruit ratio of 15:1 for Jiro and 20:1 for Matsumoto. Pruning should also focus on improving air circulation and light penetration to prevent upward fruiting.
**(D) Fruit Protection and Quality Enhancement**
To reduce fruit drop, mixed planting of pollinators, girdling, and hormone treatments (like paclobutrazol or gibberellic acid) are effective. Bagging fruits when they reach thumb size helps protect them from pests and birds. Regular pest control and proper pruning further enhance fruit quality.
**(E) Pest and Disease Control**
Common diseases include anthracnose, angular leaf spot, powdery mildew, and root rot. Anthracnose affects branches and fruits, causing black spots and fruit drop. Angular leaf spot appears as brown lesions on leaves, while powdery mildew causes yellowing and black spores. Root rot can kill entire trees if left unchecked. Pests like mealybugs, tussockmoths, and red coffee borers also threaten the orchard. Effective control methods include chemical sprays, manual removal, and protecting natural predators.
**(F) Managing Late Fruit Drop**
Some varieties, like the late Imperial Court, experience increased fruit drop in late summer due to nutrient competition. Improving irrigation and avoiding high-drop varieties in vulnerable areas can mitigate this issue.
**(G) Preventing Fruit Detachment and Cracking**
Over-fertilization, weak tree vigor, or excessive fruit load can cause fruit detachment at the stem. Selecting larger fruits during thinning and adjusting fruit load can prevent this. Cracking often occurs at the top of the fruit, especially in Jiro varieties. Spraying bactericides can help reduce cracking and prevent fungal infections.
Overall, the successful management of the Japan Sweet Persimmon Demonstration Garden requires a combination of scientific practices, environmental care, and ongoing attention to pest and disease control. By following these guidelines, farmers can achieve higher yields and better-quality fruits, ensuring the long-term sustainability of the project.