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The best temperature for keeping cows
The temperature requirements for different feeding and management stages of dairy cows vary, and maintaining an appropriate environment that aligns with their physiological needs can significantly enhance productivity and economic returns. Proper temperature control is essential in various aspects of dairy farming, from housing to milking and even semen preservation.
First, the cowhouse temperature plays a crucial role in the comfort and performance of dairy cows. Cows have a certain tolerance for cold and heat, but there are limits. The ideal temperature range for general dairy cows is 12–14°C. For pregnant and lactating cows, the optimal temperature is slightly higher—around 16–20°C. If the temperature exceeds 24°C or drops below -4°C, milk production tends to decline. Calves, on the other hand, require a much warmer environment, with an ideal temperature of 35–38°C to ensure their health and growth.
Second, the temperature of drinking water also affects dairy cow performance. Lactating cows should be given water at around 9–15°C during winter and spring, as colder water (below 8°C) can reduce milk yield. In contrast, feeding hot congee at about 38°C in winter can improve cold resistance and increase milk production by up to 10%. After calving, cows often lose a lot of body fluids and may feel dehydrated. Providing warm bran water, which is 1–2°C warmer than their body temperature (37.5–39.5°C), helps them regain energy and maintain body heat. It’s important to avoid cold water to prevent digestive issues and infections.
For calves, the drinking water temperature should be higher than that for adult cattle, typically between 35–38°C. When feeding yak calves, both colostrum and regular milk must be heated and cooled to 35–37°C before being given. This ensures proper digestion and prevents health problems. For "small white beef" production, male calves are raised entirely on cow's milk until 100 days of age, with milk temperature maintained at 40–41°C and soft drinks at 18–20°C.
Third, the temperature of the water used for cleaning udders before milking is also important. Using warm water (45–50°C) to wash the udders and teats not only keeps them clean but also stimulates milk let-down. Avoiding excessively hot or cold water prevents discomfort and ensures the cow remains relaxed, which is essential for efficient milking.
Fourth, milk preservation and disinfection require careful temperature control. Freshly extracted milk is close to body temperature and becomes a breeding ground for bacteria if not cooled quickly. It should be cooled to 4–10°C as soon as possible. For disinfection, pasteurization is commonly used. Milk is heated to 75–80°C for 15–30 seconds, which effectively kills harmful microorganisms without destroying valuable nutrients like amino acids and vitamins.
Fifth, the storage of bull semen requires precise temperature management. Unlike some biological materials, sperm thrives in low temperatures. Traditionally, semen was stored at room temperature or in cryogenic conditions, but this limited its viability. Since the 1950s, ultra-low temperature storage using dry ice (-79°C) and later liquid nitrogen (-196°C) has allowed long-term preservation without significant loss of fertility. This method is now widely used in the dairy industry.
Finally, when thawing frozen semen for artificial insemination, it’s critical to use warm water at exactly 41.5°C. The temperature difference between the top and bottom of the water should not exceed 1°C to preserve sperm motility. Studies have shown that thawing at 41°C rather than 38°C can increase conception rates by up to 33.3%, highlighting the importance of precision in this process.
In summary, managing temperature throughout the entire dairy farming process—from housing to feeding, milking, and reproduction—is vital for maximizing productivity, ensuring animal welfare, and achieving better economic outcomes.
In summary, mailbox locks are a practical and cost-effective solution to enhance mailbox security, offering peace of mind and protection for your mail and personal information. Whether for home, business, or community use, investing in a high-quality mailbox lock ensures your correspondence stays safe and secure.