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Prevention of Maize Virus Disease in Early Summer
Corn dwarf disease is a viral infection spread by the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus). Another significant viral disease affecting corn is maize dwarf mosaic, which presents different symptoms, transmission methods, and control strategies. Maize dwarf mosaic typically causes mottled or streaked chlorosis on leaves, while corn dwarf disease leads to shortened internodes, resulting in stunted growth—often less than half the height of healthy plants. Affected plants may appear "dwarf-like," with curled leaves and distinct chlorotic spots along the leaf veins that gradually expand over time. Additionally, some leaves may show waxy-white strips in the main veins, while others become dark green, stiff, and thick.
The severity of these diseases depends on both the resistance level of the corn variety and the timing of infection. Although the virus can infect corn throughout its growth cycle, it is most damaging when the plant is infected before the 6-leaf stage. As the plant progresses past the 10-leaf stage, its resistance increases, reducing the impact of the virus. Therefore, early infection generally leads to more severe symptoms and greater yield loss.
Both viruses are insect-borne, but their vectors differ. Maize dwarf mosaic is transmitted by mites, whereas corn dwarf disease is spread by the small brown planthopper (SBPH). These pests overwinter on weeds in fields and abandoned areas, as well as on perennial grasses and cereal crops like wheat. This makes weeds, aphids, and migratory locusts key contributors to the spread of the virus into cornfields. Environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, also influence the population dynamics of these pests, playing a major role in the occurrence of viral diseases.
To manage these diseases, an integrated approach combining pest control and disease prevention is recommended. First, selecting resistant corn varieties based on local conditions is crucial. Second, removing weeds from field margins and roadside ditches promptly helps reduce virus sources. Third, proper agricultural practices, such as using mulch films, improving soil fertility, and maintaining good field hygiene, can enhance plant resilience. Finally, applying insecticides to control aphids and planthoppers in both weeds and cornfields is essential. Effective options include 10% imidacloprid wettable powder diluted 3000–5000 times, 25% buprofezin wettable powder at 1000–1500 times, 4.5% cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate at 1500–2000 times, or 5% fipronil at 30–50 ml per acre. Other choices include 20% isoproturon EC at 150–200 ml per acre, 48% chlorpyrifos at 100–120 ml per acre, and 50% prochloraz wettable powder at 6–8 g per 50–60 kg of water. For already-infected plants, foliar sprays such as Ningnanmycin or phytopathogenic agents can be used early to mitigate damage.
Timely spraying is critical. If the migration of pests can be predicted, insecticides should be applied a few days before or after their arrival. If not, focus on the seedling stage and avoid waiting until visible symptoms appear (around the 9–10 leaf stage) to apply treatments.
Another important consideration is that maize dwarf mosaic can be transmitted through seeds. Therefore, strict seed management is necessary. Seed production should be conducted in regions with low virus prevalence to minimize the risk of contamination and virus spread.
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