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Nucleation-free yellow leather autumn and winter management
**I. Phenophase:**
This period includes the new shoot growth phase, dormancy phase, and flower bud differentiation phase. These stages are crucial for the tree's development and future fruit production.
**II. Main Tasks:**
The key activities during this time include pruning, managing shoots, fertilizing, controlling winter shoots, and promoting flower bud differentiation. These practices help maintain tree health, improve fruit quality, and ensure a high yield in the following season.
**III. Common Diseases and Pests:**
Some of the main issues to watch out for are anthrax, Phytophthora capsici, ulcer disease, scale insects, cockroaches, leaf miners, and soot disease. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are essential to prevent damage.
**IV. Technical Measures:**
**(a) Fertilization and Soil Management:**
1. After harvesting, it is important to apply fertilizer promptly. Each tree should receive 100–150 pounds of manure water, 0.5–1.0 kg of urea, and 0.5 kg of potassium chloride. This helps restore tree vitality, promote autumn shoot growth, and support flower bud formation for better yields next year.
2. Once the first autumn shoots mature (around mid-September), apply 0.5–0.7 kg of urea per tree to encourage further maturation and avoid excessive second flushes.
3. The fertilization method involves loosening the soil within the tree’s canopy, digging trenches 20–30 cm deep and 20–25 cm wide, and covering them with soil. This ensures even nutrient distribution.
**(b) Pruning Practices:**
Pruning is vital for balancing vegetative and reproductive growth. It helps maintain a healthy tree structure, reduce disease risk, and improve fruit quality.
- For tall trees (about 3 meters), remove weak branches from the base or cut back vigorous ones to promote balanced growth.
- Trees with a height and crown diameter of about 4 meters should focus on slow growth control. Trim the tallest branches by 1–2 cm annually and manage dense areas to keep the canopy open.
- For larger trees (over 5 meters), consider dwarfing techniques by reducing the number of large branches and maintaining an open structure.
- After pruning, protect new shoots and remove any excess growth to ensure proper development.
**(c) Tipping and Foliar Spraying:**
To encourage neat and uniform new shoots, apply 25 kg of manure water per plant and use foliar sprays such as Dr. Lu (40 ml + 6 g active cytokinin) or Aerosol foliar fertilizer (17 g + 3 ml fast harvest). Follow the "one tip, two drugs, two fats" approach for best results.
**(d) Soil Improvement and Winter Shoot Control:**
In November and December, perform deep soil turning to improve soil structure and add organic matter. Open a ring ditch and apply 10–20 kg of farmyard manure, 0.5–1 kg of potassium, and 0.5–1 kg of phosphate fertilizer. This enhances soil fertility and reduces winter shoot growth. If winter shoots appear, manually remove them or use a solution of 40% ethephon (11 ml + 12 g water per 30 lbs) to kill unripe shoots. Apply organic leaf fertilizers like Dr. Lu or nucleic acid nutrition to support flower bud development.
**(e) Orchard Maintenance:**
Use pond mud, turf, or new soil to cultivate the soil and ensure proper drainage and irrigation systems are in place. This helps maintain optimal growing conditions.
**(f) Pest and Disease Control:**
- Spray a mixture of Sapphire (800x) and Quick (800x) to prevent anthrax and ulcer disease.
- Use Frost Epidemic (600x) or Blue Flame (800x) to control Phytophthora capsici.
- Combine these with other pesticides like Avi High Chlorine, High Chlorine Xin, Yongke, Good Spirits, and Gao Jie for broader protection.
By following these detailed practices, farmers can ensure their orchards remain healthy, productive, and resilient against pests and diseases.