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Loach large scale breeding technology
Loaches belong to the order Cypriniformes, suborder Cyprinoidei, and genus Misgurnus. There are over a dozen species of loach worldwide, with the true loach being the most commonly recognized. These small freshwater fish are widely distributed in rivers, ditches, paddy fields, ponds, lakes, and reservoirs—except for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As one of the main freshwater economic fish, loaches are highly valued for their nutritional value and market demand. However, due to overfishing and habitat degradation, natural populations have declined significantly. To meet the increasing demand, large-scale aquaculture has become essential. This article introduces the artificial breeding and large-scale farming of loaches.
**1. Artificial Breeding of Loaches**
**1.1 Selection of Broodstock**
For artificial breeding, it is best to collect mature loaches from natural sources during the spawning season after intensive rearing. Select individuals that are at least two years old, with strong bodies, abundant mucus, and no signs of injury or disease. Female loaches should be at least 18 cm long and weigh over 30 g, with a soft and elastic belly. Males should be at least 12 cm long and weigh more than 15 g. Males have longer, pointed pectoral fins, while females have shorter, rounded ones. The female’s genital opening is red, and the male’s skeleton is smaller.
**1.2 Hormone Injection**
Artificial reproduction typically begins when water temperatures stabilize above 20°C. Common hormones used include hCG, pituitary extract, and LHRH analogues. For females, doses range from 300-400 IU or 5-10 µg of LRH-a, while males receive half that amount. Injections are usually given into the back muscle or body cavity, with 0.2 ml for females and 0.1 ml for males. After injection, loaches are placed in cages (2m x 1m x 0.5m) with a 1:1.2 to 1.5 ratio of males to females and spawning nests.
**1.3 Artificial Insemination**
When females begin to release eggs, insemination is performed indoors. A towel wraps the female, and her abdomen is gently squeezed to release eggs onto a white plate. Sperm is then added, and the mixture is stirred with a feather. A little water is added to enhance sperm motility. Fertilized eggs are then rinsed and incubated in an incubation tank.
**1.4 Incubation Management**
Fertilized eggs are kept in tanks with clean, oxygen-rich water (pH 7-8, dissolved oxygen 6-7 mg/L). Water flow should be gentle to prevent eggs from settling. Optimal temperature is 25°C, with hatching taking about 30-35 hours. After hatching, fry remain in the same tank until their yolk sacs disappear, then are fed crushed egg yolk. After 2-3 days, they are transferred to nursery tanks.
**2. Large-Scale Pond Farming**
Large-scale loach farming involves cultivating over 100 mu (about 6.7 hectares) of pond space, aiming for an average yield of 500 kg or more. It includes seedling production, feed supply, and commercial sales.
**2.1 Site Selection**
Choose areas with reliable water sources, clean water, good drainage, and suitable soil. Ponds should be built on neutral or slightly acidic clay soil, with sufficient sunlight and access to electricity and transportation.
**2.2 Pond Construction**
Pond size ranges from 100-300 m². Walls should be 40 cm above water level, made of concrete, brick, or hard plastic. A 20-30 cm layer of mud is needed at the bottom, with water depth between 30-50 cm. Drainage systems must be efficient, and fish traps are installed to aid in harvesting.
**2.3 Pre-Stocking Preparation**
Before stocking, clean the pond, remove debris, and apply lime to disinfect. Apply base fertilizers such as chicken manure, pig dung, or chemical fertilizers to promote plankton growth. Fish are disinfected using bleach solution before being stocked at a rate of 50-60 per square meter.
**2.4 Feeding and Management**
Loaches are omnivorous, feeding on organic matter, plankton, and benthic animals. Regular fertilization helps maintain natural food sources. Compound feed is also provided based on water temperature. At 20°C, plant-based food is dominant; at 24°C, animal-based food increases. Feed once daily, adjusting based on weather and fish activity.
**2.5 Daily Management**
Maintain clear, oxygen-rich water by changing it weekly. Monitor water color, check for signs of disease, and regularly clean feeding areas. Control water quality and inspect for leaks or damage.
**3. Disease Prevention**
Common diseases include:
- **Water Mold (Saprolegniasis)**: Caused by fungi. Treat with malachite green or a salt-baking soda mix.
- **Red Fin Disease**: Caused by bacteria. Use bleaching powder or tetracycline solutions.
- **Print Disease**: Caused by *Aeromonas* bacteria. Treat with specific antibiotics.
- **Parasitic Diseases**: Caused by worms or protozoa. Use copper sulfate or trichlorfon.
**4. Harvesting, Holding, and Transportation**
Harvesting is done through fish pits during drainage. After capture, loaches are held in fresh water for a few days to improve survival and taste. For transport, dry methods are used for short distances, while refrigerated trucks are used for long-distance shipping to maintain freshness.