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How bioactive peptides impact aquaculture
Peptides are organic compounds composed of two or more amino acids joined together via peptide bonds, which form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of another. These molecules vary depending on the number and types of amino acids that make them up. When composed of two, three, and four amino acids, they are referred to as dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides, respectively. However, peptides containing more than seventy amino acids are classified as proteins.
In the 1950s, researchers discovered that peptides possess significant health benefits. During this time, many peptides had their chemical structures determined, including insulin and glucagon. Since then, ongoing research has focused on their synthesis, separation, and applications.
Peptides play numerous vital roles in the human body. Some serve as hormones or hormone regulators, while others act as neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, analgesics, and even antibiotics.
Bioactive peptides are defined as those peptides that exhibit various physiological effects or biological functions. According to López-Barrios, Gutiérrez-Uribe, and Serna-SaldÃvar, bioactive peptides are fragments of amino acid sequences within a protein that confer biological functions and nutritional value. Being smaller in chemical structure than proteins, peptides are more readily absorbed and utilized by the body. This absorption primarily occurs in the intestines, where they produce functional properties similar to those of proteins.
In animals, these biomolecules play crucial physiological or regulatory roles, often both. For instance, the peptide PEC-6o activates ATPases in the small intestine and other tissues, enzymes that play a key role in producing cellular energy, essential for life.
Additionally, certain peptides exhibit antimicrobial properties, helping maintain the health of the local microbiota. In the brain, various peptides regulate endocrine status, food intake, and behavior in animals. Consequently, peptides are seen as valuable supplements to include in animal nutrition, particularly in aquaculture.
Aquaculture, as defined by Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), involves studying and advancing techniques for farming aquatic animals. These include fish, crustaceans like lobsters and shrimp, mollusks such as squids and octopuses, algae, and other organisms cultivated in aquatic environments, like frogs, turtles, and alligators—exotic animals consumed as food by humans.
Internationally, this practice's economic impact is known as the Blue Revolution, drawing parallels to the Green Revolution associated with agricultural advancements since the 1950s.
Since 2016, aquaculture production and trade have surpassed traditional fishing, with aquaculture now responsible for half of the world's fish production. Since 1980, fishing production has plateaued around 90 million tons annually, while aquaculture production rose from 16.5 million tons in 1989 to 106 million tons in 2015.
Given the aquaculture market’s steady growth, understanding the nutritional needs of each species is critical for developing suitable feeds. Traditional feeds sometimes fail to meet all nutritional requirements, either because they lack appeal or have low digestibility.
Bioactive peptides, due to their high absorption rates and multiple biological and functional properties, are considered promising supplements for aquaculture feeds. Understanding the dietary needs of each aquatic species is essential, especially regarding proteins, to ensure better health, higher survival rates, and optimal growth.
Oreochromis niloticus, commonly known as Nile Tilapia, is a popular choice for aquaculture due to its ease of cultivation, thriving in tropical and subtropical climates. Protein constitutes the primary nutrient in their feed, accounting for up to 70% of breeding costs. However, one major challenge is ensuring the feed is palatable to the species, as acceptance or rejection determines the success of alternative feed sources.
Brazil, renowned for poultry and swine production, produces by-products like viscera, feathers, and offal. These by-products can be processed and sold as protein hydrolysates, reducing production costs.
Nile Tilapia were fed a diet based on Chicken Protein Hydrolysate, developed by BRF Ingredients. This hydrolysate contains bioactive peptides—smaller amino acid chains produced through enzymatic hydrolysis. Studies showed improved blood pressure in cats, enhanced survival rates in shrimp, and better yields in tilapia fillets when this ingredient was included in their feed.
The Chicken Protein Hydrolysate from BRF Ingredients is designed to boost animal performance and health. Produced through enzymatic hydrolysis, it generates smaller amino acid chains known as bioactive peptides, which may have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and immunomodulatory activities. Analysis revealed that 78 peptides had functionalities like anti-amine, antioxidant, immunostimulant, angiotensin inhibitor (ACE), and stomach membrane regulator.
In conclusion, as the aquaculture market expands, the need for knowledge about appropriate diets for each species becomes evident. Chicken Protein Hydrolysate, obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis, meets nutritional requirements and provides specific functionalities, enhancing animal health and performance while being highly palatable to fish.
This research highlights Chicken Protein Hydrolysate as a vital component for aquaculture feeds, supporting the growth and development of aquatic species through its bioactive peptides and nutritional benefits.
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