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Eucalyptus diseases and control methods
Phauda flammans Walker, commonly known as the Spotted Moth, is a member of the Lepidoptera order. It is found in Guangdong and Yunnan provinces, where it causes damage to various garden plants such as mosaic rubber trees, eucalyptus, gas ridges, green pods, alpine ridges, Indian rubber pythons, beautiful lopsided cypresses, Bodhi pods, and more. The larvae initially feed on the leaf surface, creating small holes, and as they grow, they cause more severe damage by eating large portions of the leaves. In extreme cases, entire leaves can be consumed, leaving only the branches behind.
The adult moth has a body length of 13–13.5 mm and a wingspan of 31–34 mm. Its head is flaming red, with black antennae tipped in white. The abdomen is black with red hairs, and males have red scales at the end of their bodies. The wings feature round black spots on the outer edge, with the hind wings being translucent and edged in red. Eggs are oval, measuring 1.4–1.6 mm, covered in a transparent glial layer, and change from pale yellow to dark yellow before hatching. Newly hatched larvae are beige and turn brown over time. Mature larvae measure 17–19 mm, with auburn backs and light yellow sides, each segment having four white hairs and one brown hair. They secrete mucus to thicken their bodies. The pupal stage is 11–12 mm long, spindle-shaped, with a dark brown back and pale yellow elsewhere.
In Guangzhou, Phauda flammans completes two generations per year. The larvae overwinter and begin feeding in early March, reaching peak activity in mid-March. The first adult generation emerges in early April, peaking in mid-April. Larvae appear from late April to June, while the second generation of adults appears from late June to mid-July, with larvae active until mid-October. By late September, the population begins to overwinter. Adults emerge between 8:00 AM and 12:00 PM, mate for 3–4 days, and lay eggs the next day on upper canopy branches or leaf tips. Each egg mass contains 7–42 eggs, with an average hatching rate above 98%. After hatching, larvae crawl or feed on the ground for over 40 days before descending to the base of trees to pupate. Natural enemies include species like Apanteles sp. and Gotra octocinctus.
Control measures include soil cultivation during winter, protecting natural predators, and using pesticides such as 40% omethoate (1,500–2,000 times), 40% dimethoate (1,000–1,500 times), and 80% dichlorvos (2,000 times). Mixing 1,000 times dilution of Bacillus thuringiensis with 1,000 times trichlorfon or 80% dichlorvos can also be effective.
Another pest, the White Silkworm Moth (Ocinara varians Walker), belongs to the same family and is found in Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Taiwan. It damages plants like leafhoppers, yellow-leaved oysters, alpine alfalfa, Bodhi pods, jackfruit, eucalyptus, and figs. The larvae feed on leaves and tender shoots, causing serious harm to ornamental and economic plants.
Adults are smaller than silkworm moths, with a body length of 8–9.5 mm and a wingspan of 22–26 mm. Their color ranges from gray to gray-brown, with males being darker. The front wings have dark brown spots, while the hind wings show a light band and a gray-brown spot. Eggs are flat and oval, starting orange-yellow and turning brown before hatching. Mature larvae are 6–11 mm long, dark in color, with two black spots on their backs. The pupae are yellow-winged and white-bellied.
In Guangxi’s Pingxiang region, this species has seven generations annually, with larvae appearing from May to December. Eggs are laid on leaves, branches, or bark in single lines, with females laying 10–100 eggs. Newly hatched larvae eat their own eggs before feeding on leaves, creating small holes. Later instars cause more damage, sometimes consuming entire leaves. Pupae hide under leaves or in bark crevices.
Control methods include manually collecting eggs and larvae, applying pyrethroid insecticides, or using 80% dichlorvos (800–1,000 times), 90% trichlorfon (800 times), and 50% phoxim (2,000 times). Spraying with Bacillus sp. at 10 times concentration is also effective. A nucleopolyhedrovirus has been observed to kill larvae effectively, with a mortality rate of 80.9% after six days. This virus shows great potential for biological control and further research is encouraged.
1. Definition:
potassium fulvate/potassium fulvic acid powder/flake is 100% water soluble fine powder, or shiny flakes, derived from natural young active leonardite with various functional groups, such as hydroxyl,carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl,etc. Small molecular weight enhance its chelating capacity and enables it more easily to be uptook by the plant. It is organic chelator, ideal Soil Conditioner and natural plant growth stimulant.
2.Functions & Benefit:
1) Improve the soil structure& fertility, increase the soil buffering powder
2) Stimulate vigorous root growth
3) Immediately enhance nutrient uptake via the leaves and roots
4) Increase the utilization efficiency of fertilizer and pesticide
5) Increase PH buffering capacity & CEC cation exchange capacity of soil
6) Enhance plant resistance to disease, pest, cold, drought and dry
7) Increase the quality and yield of crops
8) Increase the germination of seeds and enhance development of radicles
9) Easily to be converted to liquid
10) Excellent for fertilizer coating, like UREA, NPK, etc
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