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Subtropical strawberry production technology
**Winter Strawberry Production Management Technology**
**Guangxi Guiping City, Zhejiang High-Quality Strawberry Research and Development Base**
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### I. Overview
Strawberry is a member of the Rosaceae family, known as a herbaceous perennial plant with a short stature, typically reaching about 30 cm in height. As a fruit crop, it produces small berries that are highly valued for their flavor and nutritional content.
The fruits of strawberries are bright red, soft, juicy, and have a sweet-tart flavor with a refreshing aroma. They are popular both domestically and internationally, often referred to as a "fruit treasure." According to research, strawberry fruits contain 6–12% sugar, 1–1.5% organic acid, 0.6–1.6% protein, 0.6% fat, 1.4% crude fiber, and 1.7% pectin. Additionally, they are rich in calcium, phosphorus, iron, and various amino acids. Notably, the vitamin C content reaches up to 50–120 mg per 100 grams of fresh fruit, which is about ten times higher than that of apples or grapes. These nutrients are easily absorbed by the body, making strawberries beneficial for people of all ages.
Research has also identified a compound called "strawberry amine," which shows promising effects in treating leukemia and aplastic anemia. Recent studies suggest that strawberries may help prevent and manage conditions such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and cerebral hemorrhage. Their vitamins, cellulose, and pectin can aid in relieving constipation, acne, hypertension, high cholesterol, and even colon cancer. Therefore, developing strawberry production is crucial for improving people’s quality of life.
Strawberries are among the earliest fruits to ripen. By late September to early October, planting seedlings can yield fruits as early as December, helping to fill the seasonal gap in fruit supply. With high yield and economic returns, strawberries are considered a high-value crop. In 2008, local farmers in the region achieved an average yield of 1,250 kg per mu, with an average selling price of 10 yuan per kilogram, resulting in an average income of 8,000 yuan per mu. This demonstrates that strawberries are not only high-yielding but also economically beneficial.
Beyond fresh consumption, strawberries can be processed into jams, juices, wines, ice creams, and preserved foods. Quick-freezing techniques help maintain their color and flavor, making them easier to store and transport. In recent years, China has exported large quantities of strawberry sauce and frozen strawberries, especially to Japan. For example, Hebei Province alone exports thousands of tons annually, contributing significantly to foreign exchange earnings.
Strawberries were first cultivated in the 14th century, initially from wild species. However, in the mid-18th century, larger-fruited varieties began spreading globally, marking the start of modern strawberry cultivation. Today, strawberries are grown in many countries, with global production increasing steadily. From 1988 to 1990, the world's total strawberry output reached 2.376 million tons, with the U.S., Poland, Spain, Japan, and Italy being the top producers.
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### II. Site Selection and Planting
**(1) Land Selection and Crop Rotation**
Strawberries require well-drained, loose loam or sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.5–6.5 and at least 2% organic matter. The soil should be deep and fertile, with good water and nutrient retention. Avoid overly sandy or clayey soils. The site should be elevated, with good irrigation and drainage systems. Large-scale farms are not ideal due to difficulties in soil rotation and management. Small plots (10–20 mu) managed collectively by several farmers are more efficient.
Strawberries suffer from continuous cropping, where disease buildup and root exudates reduce growth potential. To avoid this, proper crop rotation is essential. After planting strawberries, it's best to grow other crops like legumes or vegetables for a season before replanting.
**(2) Soil Preparation and Fertilization**
Soil preparation should be done one month before planting. Raised beds (sorghum) are commonly used, with a width of 0.9m, including a 30–35cm wide ditch and 20–25cm high bed. Two rows of strawberries are planted on each bed, spaced 16–18cm apart.
**(3) Planting Time and Density**
Strawberries thrive in temperatures between 15–25°C. Autumn (August–October) is ideal for root development and vegetative growth. Planting should occur when soil temperature drops to 15–17°C. Northern regions usually plant in early August–September, while southern areas do so in late September–October. Seedlings should be planted early if weak, and later if strong.
Proper spacing ensures good air circulation and light exposure. A density of 7,500–8,500 plants per mu is recommended, depending on soil fertility and management level.
**(4) Improving Survival Rate**
To ensure survival, seedlings must be handled carefully. Before planting, remove old leaves and keep 2–3 new ones. Water immediately after planting, and use shade cover (straw or plastic) to protect from sunburn. Ensure planting depth matches the crown level with the soil surface.
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### III. Post-Planting Management
**(1) Fertilization and Growth Promotion**
After planting, apply a balanced fertilizer (15–20 kg per acre) once the new leaves appear. Avoid over-fertilizing to prevent root burn. Use compound fertilizers or a combination of charcoal and phosphate fertilizer.
**(2) Weeding**
Weed control is critical. Apply herbicides within three days of planting, and manually cultivate after one month. Black mulch films are effective in suppressing weeds.
**(3) Removing Stalks and Old Leaves**
Remove runners and old leaves to promote strong growth and flower bud formation. Keep 5–6 healthy leaves per plant to ensure optimal photosynthesis.
**(4) Mulching Techniques**
In southern regions, black mulch films are widely used. Cover the soil with 0.008–0.015mm thick polyethylene film, pressing it tightly to prevent wind damage. Crop stalks can be placed on top for added insulation.
**(5) Foliar Fertilization**
Foliar sprays enhance nutrient uptake and improve fruit quality. Spraying 0.3% urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate during flowering increases fruit set and size. Calcium sulfate and manganese sulfate can also be applied to boost yield and storage life.
**(6) Watering Practices**
Water regularly to maintain soil moisture, especially during flowering and fruiting. Avoid overwatering to prevent diseases like gray mold. Water in the evening after harvesting to reduce stress on the plants.
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### IV. Maturity and Harvesting
**(A) Ripening Process**
Strawberry ripening takes 25–30 days under normal conditions, depending on temperature. The fruit turns red, becomes firm, and emits a characteristic fragrance. Anthocyanin and sugar levels increase, while acidity decreases.
**(B) Harvesting**
Harvest when 80–85% of the fruit is red. Pick daily in the morning or evening to avoid heat stress. Handle gently to prevent bruising. Harvesting should be done in stages, with multiple collections during peak season.
**(C) Packaging**
Use clean containers like plastic boxes or enamel pots. Grade fruits before packaging to ensure uniformity. Store in cool, ventilated areas to maintain quality.
**(D) Transportation**
Transport quickly and avoid shaking. Use insulated containers for long-distance shipping to preserve freshness.
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### V. Pest Control
Pest management requires professional guidance and approved pesticides. Our base provides technical support and pesticide solutions. Contact Lao Wu for detailed cooperation information.
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This comprehensive guide offers practical insights into winter strawberry production, emphasizing sustainable practices, quality control, and profitability. Whether you're a farmer or a researcher, these techniques can help you achieve better yields and market success.