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Paddy
Chrysaspidia festucae, commonly known as the golden-winged moth or grassworm, is a species of noctuid moth belonging to the family Noctuidae. It is widely distributed across various rice-growing regions in China and poses a significant threat to crops such as rice, wheat, barnyard grass, Aegilops mellifera, and Trilobata. The larvae are particularly damaging, feeding on plant tissues and causing substantial harm to seedlings and young plants. This can affect tillering and the development of ears in rice and wheat.
The adult moths have a body length of 13–19 mm and a wingspan of 32–37 mm. Their head and thorax are reddish-brown, while the abdomen is light yellow-brown. The forewings are yellow-brown with light golden spots near the base and trailing edge. Dark brown lines run horizontally across the wings, and two large silver spots are present in the center. The hind wings are light yellow-brown with a slight grayish tint. The eggs are oval-shaped, measuring approximately 0.45 mm in height and 0.6 mm in width, with around 40 longitudinal ridges. Initially white, they gradually turn yellow-green and eventually dark gray. The last instar larvae grow up to 31–34 mm long, appearing green or blue-green, with a distinct blue-green dorsal line and white or yellow-white lateral lines. They also have yellow sublateral lines and reduced prolegs. The pupae are about 17–19 mm long and display adult markings, including a tuft on the back and spines on the sides.
In terms of life cycle, Chrysaspidia festucae has 2–3 generations per year in Heilongjiang and Ningxia, while in Jiangsu, it can complete 4–5 generations annually. The larvae typically reside at the base of wheat plants. Overwintering adults emerge in early May in Jiangsu, with peak activity in mid-May. The first generation appears in late June to July, followed by the second in late July to August, the third in late August to September, and the fourth in late September to October. In Ningxia, the moth activity starts in early June and continues through July and August. Egg development takes about 5 days, with a larval stage lasting one month and a pupal stage of 17 days. In Jiangsu, the egg stage lasts 4.5–6 days, the larval stage 18–20 days, and the pupal stage 6–8 days, with an adult lifespan of 6–10 days. Adults are attracted to light and prefer to mate and lay eggs during the night. Eggs are laid on leaves, leaf sheaths, or stems.
Larvae go through 5–7 instars, with some individuals reaching up to 12 instars. Early-stage larvae tend to hang from threads and disperse via wind. By the fifth and sixth instars, their food intake increases dramatically. The final instar larvae move to the underside of leaves, and infestations are more severe during cooler summer periods. Natural predators include gold-winged beetles, yellow-haired wasps, sparrows, and frogs.
To manage this pest, effective prevention methods include accurate forecasting. Monitoring overwintering larvae in selected wheat fields before and after winter helps predict potential outbreaks. Timely suppression of larvae in pre-winter and early spring can reduce the population. In heavily infested areas, spraying 50% dichlorvos EC diluted 1500 times or 2.5% trichlorfon powder at the time of larval emergence is recommended, using 2.2–2.5 kg per 667 square meters. These measures help control the spread and minimize crop damage.