Black pine is commonly planted in Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. In recent years, black pine forests have suffered from various degrees of pine branch withered and even the death of the whole plant, which seriously affected the urban landscape. To this end, the author investigated the species and occurrence of pests and diseases in the area of ​​Heidelberg and put forward comprehensive prevention and control technologies. Surveys show that there are currently 14 common pests and diseases of Pinus thunbergii, including 9 diseases and 5 pests, and 1 new species of black pine pest in Shandong Province. Black pine, evergreen tree of Pinaceae, Baidusong is also commonly cultivated in Shandong, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. In recent years, black pine forests have suffered from various degrees of death. For this purpose, we conducted on-site inspections, tests, and tests on the black pines planted in Qingdao. We identified and developed comprehensive control technologies based on relevant data. 1 Survey Method Investigations were conducted on seven forests of Pinus koraiensis in Qingdao Fushan Forest Park, Jiadingshan Park and along the waterfront. Each forest took the first forest-wide survey, and then randomly selected 10 standard trees with 5 standard tree spacings. 10 sample branches were sampled from each standard tree, and the pest species and population density were investigated for each sample. The survey found that there are 14 species of insect pests in Qingdao, including 9 species of insect pests, belonging to 7 families and 9 families; five diseases belong to 5 families and 5 families. 2 findings 2.1 Black pine pests 2.1.1 Pine caterpillar Morphological characteristics: The pine caterpillar Lepidoptera is a branch of the dead leaf moth. The length of the female adult is about 28 mm, and the wingspan is about 70 mm. The male moth is slightly smaller than the female moth. Body brown, gray two. There are several dark-brown wavy stripes on the fin surface, and a three-word pattern consisting of 7-9 black dots on the sub-peripheral line. The hind wings are brown or gray-brown. Egg oval green. The mature larvae have a body length of about 65 mm, a body grayish black, and long hair on the side of the body. There are two distinct deep blue toxic hairy plexuses on the chest. There are 2 sarcomas in each section, with dark blue hairs on top.蛹 Tan, slightly bent at the end. Silky, gray or light brown, with black poisonous hair. Life history: 1st year of the year, wintering under 3-4 larvae under the tree. In late March of the following year, overwintering larvae begin to damage the trees. From mid-May to early July, it will be dissected. From early June to early August, adult eclosion and oviposition period, adult phototaxis. Larvae are 8 instar. The newly-incubated larvae ate in groups and were dispersed throughout the needles after 2 years of age, and severely contaminated the needles. In the middle and late July, the larvae were destroyed. In mid-October, as the temperature dropped, the trees were overwintering. 2.1.2 Pine tip Morphological characteristics: Pine tip leaf belongs to Lepidoptera, Moth family, adult body length 10-16mm, wingspan about 24mm; forewing gray brown, white stripes on the wing surface 4, there is a significant white spot, the trailing edge near horizontal There are yellow spots inside the line. The egg is nearly round, about 0.8mm long, yellowish-white, and dark red when hatched. The mature larvae have a body length of about 25 mm and a dark red color. There are pairs of distinct dark brown hairy tumors on each soma, and each has a white hair. About 13 mm in length, yellowish-brown, with wavy blunt teeth at the end of the abdomen, three pairs of hook-like hip spines were born. Life history: 2 generations a year, and 5 peaks in May, July and September. The disease began in late March. In the middle of May, phlegm began. The eggs were spawned in the base of the pine needles. The larvae hatched in mid-June. After entering the pith, they plucked to the top and then ate again. . Mature larvae larvae in the insect tract. In early August, the first generation of adult eclosion occurred. In late September, second generation larvae hatched. Larval larvae overwinter in damaged shoots and cones 2.1.2 Matsumoto Japan Damaged trees are generally debilitating, poorly growing, with yellow needles and withered buds. After that, the bark is thickened, hardened, and cracked. Prone to soften weeds and bent trunks, and often cause secondary pests and diseases. Morphological characteristics: Japanese pine scorpion belongs to the order Homoptera, Amaranthidae, female adult body length 2.5-3.3mm, body pliability, body segment is not obvious. The antennae are 9 knots, and the base 2 are thick, and the rest are rosary. Male adults have a body length of 1.3-1.5mm and wingspan 3.5-3.9mm. Head, chest dark brown, light brown belly. The antennae are filiform and slender. The fore wings are developed and the membranous translucent; the hind wings are degraded into balance sticks. At the end of the abdomen, there is a hook-shaped copulator that bends toward the ventral surface. The oocysts are white and oval. 1st instar nymph, orange yellow. There are pairs of white wax strips on both sides of the back of the body, and antennae such as tentacles and feet. In the second instar nymph, the antennae and feet disappeared completely, and the male and female differentiated significantly. The 3rd instar male nymph is similar in appearance to the female adult, but the abdomen is narrow, there is no backfat, and there is no "eight" shaped gluteal cleft at the end of abdomen. Life history: 2 generations in 1 year, wintering with a 1 year old parasite nymph. The overwintering 1st instar parasite nymph grows into a 2nd instar nymph nymph from early May to mid-June. The first adult period was from late July to mid-October. Male and female. After the mating of adult females, the silkworms were secreted into wax, submerged under the cracked skin, under the old rough skin, under the twigs, and in the cones of the cones. The oocysts were gradually encapsulated. Nymphs sneak into the 3-4-year-old branches of the bark, cracks, subcutaneous and leafhoppers and other fixed parasitic, causing branches to hang down. 2.1.3 Loosestrife Morphological characteristics: male adult body length 0.88-1.06mm, wingspan 1.5-1.66mm, pink, each side of the seventh abdominal section with a 0.7mm long white wax. Female adult body length 1.52-1.90mm, light red, pear-shaped. Antennae 7 knots. The body is dorsifixed except for sparse short bristles. Eggs are oval in light red to reddish brown. The nymphs are pale yellow to pink with 3 pairs of feet, and the nymph ancestors have a fixed life and their bodies are covered with wax. The males are pink, and the antennae can be active. There are 3 pairs of feet and the body is covered with gray wax. Life history: 3 generations a year, overlapping generations, wintering in wax packs of older female nymphs, or wintering at the base of needles and leaf sheaths with middle-aged nymphs. There are two proliferation peaks in a year: they occur from mid-April to mid-May and from mid-September to late October. The locusts can be transmitted long distances by means of host seedlings, clonal shoots, shoots, and fresh cones. 2.1.4 Pine oysters Morphological characteristics: female adults are about 3 mm in length, oyster-shaped, red or purple, light brown edges. The tip is pointed, the back end is wide, curved, and the back is raised. Two shell points are located at the front end, the first shell is yellow, and the second shell is red. Female adults are 1.5mm long, spindle-shaped, light yellow, and the anterior prominence of the ventral gluteal section is prominent. The male shell is 1.5mm long with 1 shell point and is located at the front end. The male adult is orange and has 1 pair of wings. Nymphs are oval in shape, light yellow in color, and have well-developed antennae and feet. Egg white. Life history: 2-3 generations in one year; wintering on branches and leaves with fertilized females; overlapping in generations; spawning in March in late spring; hatching in first-generation nymphs in May; first-generation adults in July; second-generation nymphs Incubation in August, the second generation of adults occurred in October. Concentrated in shaded parts of the foliage, serious damage. 2.1.5 Japanese sheath sheath mosquito Morphological characteristics: Japanese sheath sheath aphid belongs to the Diptera Meconopliae. Body length 1.6-2.0mm, body orange, mostly yellow-brown head, compound eye black; antennae 14, black, stalk section and stem light yellow; male mosquito antennae whip knot on each knot has a long bristly; feet gray yellow The claws are simple and shorter than the claws; the belly is orange. The last instar larvae are yellow, flat cylindrical, slightly narrow at both ends, and the front chest and abdomen masks are "black" sternal black sternum pieces, 2.5-3.7 mm long. The worm had reported damage to Pinus massoniana in Fujian and Guangdong. At present, there is no record of this worm distribution in Shandong Province, and it is a new record in the province. Life history: 1 generation a year, with mature larvae wintering on soil surface or litter layer. Adults emerged at the beginning of April. The larvae stayed in hatchery for 3-5 days after hatching. They crawled to the epidermis on the base of the pine needles. The larvae spurred tissue hyperplasia and inflated gradually. In July of that year, galls were formed. Insects generally have only 7-12 larvae and 1 larva. The larvae matured in the middle and late December, and fell to the surface of the earth with the dead pine needles in the middle and early March of the following year. The harmful parts of this pest are hidden, and the control of the administration agent brings great difficulties. 2.1.6 Insect pests such as pine borer, pine leafhopper, and Monochamus alternatus are also found on other insect pests. 2.1 Diseases 2.2.1 Pine needle brown spot The pathogen is pine borer bacteria. The susceptible needles initially produce circular or nearly circular fading spots that turn brown and have a diameter of 1.5-2.5 mm. It can also cause brown patches, which can form green, yellow, and brown stripes. Sensitive needles, dead and fall off in the following year. The pathogenic bacteria overwintered with fruiting bodies or mycelium on diseased leaves or fallen leaves of trees. Conidia spread by rain and splash. The host has had episodes from late March to early November, but it has developed rapidly from late April to early July and has also grown faster from September to October. From mid-July to mid-August, the temperature is high and the disease is developing slowly. 2.2.2 Pine leaf disease The pathogen is speckle fungus, which usually harms the 2-year-old needles. In the early stage, there are small yellow spots or spotted spots on the needles, brown spots on the yellow spots, and yellow leaves falling off in late autumn. Often in the spring of the cormorant year, the slender black horizontal line appears first on the needle, forming a number of segments, producing a conidia of approximately 0.2-0.3 mm oval black dots between the horizontal lines; particles that gradually form black oblong protrusions , Long diameter of about 1-1.5 mm, with luster paint, the central longitudinal cracks, as the arachnid disk of the bacteria, occasional needles have not fallen off only the front end of a disease or deciduous in the same year can also produce apothecary plate and mature Ascospores. Ascomycota subfamily. Falling needles on the wintering germs, the development of maturation fruit between the ages of March and April of the year, from April to April ascospore. In rain or humid conditions, ascospores are transmitted through the air stream and invade from the stomata. Generally infested with 2-year-old needles, later infested needles in the same year. Generally no re-infection. Young forests have a high incidence rate and are prone to disasters. They have less incidence in 20 years or more. Generally, the forest with large canopy density is smaller than the canopy density, the lower canopy of the lower canopy is more coniferous than the middle and upper part of the canopy, the standing tree in the forest is more isolated than the forest edge, the pressed wood is more prosperous than the growing wood, and the windward surface is often heavier than the lee surface. Drought in the woodland, poor soil, serious diseases and pests, mismanagement, and frequent illnesses. 2.2.3 Pine Blight The pathogen of the disease is polychaete of the dead-spotted disk, which is mainly harmful to the young leaves of the young forest. A few of the old leaves are also affected. The victim leaves are brown or light yellow-brown, and a few are pale green to light gray-green. Or tan, with light gray or dark gray in the end, with slightly sunken or non-recessed lesions, brown edges. Incidence of the law: The average average temperature is above 19°C. June-September was the most serious period, peaked in July, followed by a drop in temperature, and the incidence gradually decreased. Rain and high humidity are conducive to the occurrence of diseases and can infect many times. 2.2.4 Branch rot The etiology of the disease is Platybacter rust, which occurs mainly in the 2-10 year old branch trunk. Pine needles turn yellow-green to gray-green and gradually turn brown to red-brown. At this time, it can be clearly seen that the diseased trunk contracted and wrinkled due to water loss, or the lateral branches drooped and showed dead branches. When the main disease occurs, the bark gradually shrinks and sinks, and the lipids increase. After drying, it shrinks black and its edges curl from the sides or in three directions toward the center. The disease occurs on stems above 2 years of saplings, and hyphae proliferate and overwinter during the first year of infection. In the spring of the following year, pine needle blight symptoms appeared. From the middle of March to the middle of April, subcutaneous sac was produced subcutaneously. It matures from late May to late June and releases spores. From mid-July to mid-August, concentrated spores were released. The spores spread by the wind and germinated under wet conditions. They invade the skin from the wound and become ill after winter. 2.2.5 Pine wood nematode disease The pathogen was pine wood nematode. After black pine had been infected with pine wood nematode, when the external symptoms did not appear, the lipid at the wound site first decreased. Followed by the tarnished needles into a gray-green, and gradually yellowed into a yellow-brown. In the end, the whole plant died and the needles were red-brown. After black pine is generally sick, it is the death of the whole plant. The disease is mainly transmitted through the use of Monochamus alternatus. In the early spring, the 3rd instar larvae of pine wood nematode accumulate in the diurnal chamber of Monochamus alternatus, and the adults of the beetle carry large numbers of nematodes when they fly out. The nematode larvae enter the black pine from the wounds resulting from the feeding of the calf and begin to reproduce. 3 Analysis of pests and diseases of black pine According to the survey results, large areas of black pine forests have single or multiple pests, single or multiple pests occurring simultaneously or alternately. They rapidly multiply after spring and invade the foliage and shoots, resulting in the flow of the base of the needles. Fat, swelling, longitudinal cracking, browning, and necrosis lead to yellowing and early fall of the needles, resulting in thin, short, and dead new shoots and new leaves. At the same time, it also severely affected the production of photosynthesis and organic nutrition. It also severely damaged the base of coniferous tissues and hindered the downward transfer of photosynthetic products and the upward transmission of water and nutrients, resulting in the first death of the roots or branches and shoots of black pine. Severely, the whole plant of black pine can be killed. According to available data, some pests, such as pine needle oysters, Japanese pine rodents, and pine caterpillars, can cause large areas of black pine death. 4 Heisson pest control measures 4.1 Pest Control 4.1.1 Light trapping and killing Using the phototaxis of pine caterpillars and adults of Monochamus alternatus, blacklights or frequency-vibration insect killers are suspended during the adult stage to trap and kill. 4.1.2 Root application For the harm to the concealed pine-tailed taping, Monochamus alternatus, and Japanese sheath cockroach, the carrageenan or earthworm was buried in the roots of the black pine in early spring, and the plants were absorbed and transmitted to the branches and needles. Pests eat and die, and they can control other insect pests such as pine borer, pine leafhopper, and scale insects. 4.1.3 Spray application Spray control should be applied during the larval period. The control of pine caterpillars and pine needle shoots can be performed with a 1000-fold solution of 50% phoxim EC or a 1000-fold dilution solution of dichlorvos 1 + diflubenzuron III, or a 2000-3000 dilution of 10% cypermethrin EC; You can use 10% of imidacloprid, 10% of omethoate, 2.5% of deltamethrin EC 1500-2000 times of liquid; control of pine leafhopper can use 25% of azotoluene WP 1000-1500 times, or 15% Fuling EC 2000-3000 times solution, special effects formula: 1 part of Nisuolang + avermectin 1 part, or 1 part of omethoate + avermectin 1 part, the control effect is good. Control insecticides such as pine cone worms can use 1000-1500 times of mad killing locust, or 1000-1500 times of fast buckwheat. 4.2 Disease Prevention and Control Disease prevention and control shall adhere to the plant protection policy of “prevention first, comprehensive prevention and controlâ€. 4.2.1 Clean the garden to reduce the combination of disease sources with pruning, timely density reduction and pruning, cut off pests and branches, remove understory shrubs, remove diseased dead trees, and create environmental conditions that are not conducive to the occurrence of pests and diseases. 4.2.2 Increasing tree vigor The application of decomposed organic fertilizer during the dormant period of black pine or the application of 1-2 thin liquid fertilizers during the growth period is conducive to robust growth of the tree vigor and increased resistance to pests and diseases. 4.2.3 Early prevention In the area where the disease occurred, spray 3-5 Baume degree lime sulfur mixture for prevention in autumn and winter and early spring. Into the season of disease, timely spraying carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil and other protective fungicides for prevention. 4.2.4 Treatment at the Onset of Disease During the season of high incidence of disease, attention should be paid to inspection work. Once the disease occurs, therapeutic bactericides such as tebutromycin, difenoconazole, myclobutanil, pecorco, and amishi should be sprayed in time. Up to. In order to avoid drug resistance, the above agents may be alternately used. For pine wood nematode disease, do a good job in the prevention and treatment of Tianniu. Once the nematode-infected trees are discovered, clear and disinfect the soil in time. Demetdent Dental Milling machines were built for reliable, precise and error-free milling. Requiring no machine expertise to operate them, they are simple to set-up and feature a host of automated features. 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