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First, livestock breeding standards and feed composition table
(1) Feeding standards The concept of feeding standards is based on the experience accumulated in the practice of animal husbandry production, combining material energy metabolism tests and feeding tests to scientifically specify livestock of different species, sex, age, physiological status, and production purpose and level. The amount of energy and various nutrients that should be given per head per day, the quantity that is specified for livestock and poultry, called the feed standard or nutrient requirement. The amount of various nutrients required in the feeding standards is reflected in the intake of various feeds by livestock and poultry. Therefore, in the practice of breeding, the proportion of various feeds must be calculated based on the characteristics, sources, prices, and nutrient content of various feeds. That is, a balanced full-priced diet should be prepared. Therefore, the feed standard lists livestock in tabular form. The need for various nutrients for poultry. For ease of use, livestock and poultry breeding standards include livestock feed ingredients and nutritional value tables. In addition, if necessary, it is also possible to attach livestock and poultry song-type diet formulas for practical application.
Feeding standards have been proposed through scientific experiments and summarizing practice, so it has a certain degree of scientificity and is an important basis for carrying out science to raise livestock. In animal husbandry production practices, only correct application of feeding standards, rational development and utilization of feed resources, formulation of scientific feed formulas, production of full-price and combined feed, so that livestock and poultry obtain a sufficient amount of nutrients, so that the scientific breeding, in order to On the premise of guaranteeing the health of livestock and poultry, it can fully exert its production performance, improve feed utilization, and reduce production costs. In addition, the feeding standard is still a technical guideline, and it is an indispensable basis for the establishment of breeding quotas, feed production and supply plans for livestock ranches. Therefore, feeding standards play an important role in livestock husbandry practice and formula design.
(2) Knowledge of the application of feeding standards The breeding standards have a certain degree of scientificity and representativeness. However, for any feeding standard, it should not be treated as a textbook. This is because:
1. The indicators stipulated in the breeding standards are not immutable indicators, but are constantly changing. With the development of animal and breeding science, the quality of livestock and poultry breeds is improved and improved, the production level is improved, and the standard of feeding is raised. It is also continuously revised, enriched and improved.
2. Feeding village standards are the criteria for biological types. They have limitations and regional characteristics. Therefore, the application should be adjusted according to habitat conditions and feeding effects, and livestock responses. In order to raise standards closer to the actual.
3. Feeding standards are set under certain conditions. The amount of various nutrients it provides is based on the average data of many experimental research results. It is only a summary average and it is impossible to fully comply with each one. The needs of the body group, so the application must be adapted to local conditions and flexible application. Can not ignore the ecological environment of the herd, the level of technology, feeding conditions, and other circumstances, from the actual application of rigid.
In short, we must not only see the scientific nature of feeding standards, but also regard it as an important basis for formulating rations for scientific livestock breeding, but also to see its relative rationality, to be applied flexibly, and to have experience in scientific experiments and production practices. It has been revised on the basis of it, making it increasingly perfect.
In this case, the scientific composition and the application flexibility of the feed composition table and its nutritional value should also be emphasized. Because although the numbers in the feed distribution table are scientifically derived from scientific analysis, the feed composition table, especially the commonly used feed composition table, cannot list all feeds with high nutrient content and low nutrient content. . Only the median number can be listed, for example, the protein content of corn is in the range of 7-9%, but the majority is between 8.2-8.9%, while the figure in the feed composition table is 8.6%. By analogy, it can be seen as general.
4. Feeding standards should be the standard for each nutrient intake per head per day (only), but most livestock and poultry are raised in groups. For convenience of management, a percentage per kilogram of food is used or The amount of nutrients needed to express, such as the number of kcal (kilojoules) per kilogram of energy. In this way, the percentage of nutrients in the compounded feed is multiplied by the amount of daily extraction just to obtain the nutrients needed daily. Since the energy demand of livestock and poultry has the ability to self-regulate on eating (livestock and poultry are able to feed on food), in the free-feeding mode, the same amount of energy can be obtained for a diet with a certain range of energy levels. And other nutrients. Therefore, the dietary energy concentration in chickens can vary between 2.6-2.9 Mcal/kg of metabolizable energy, and pigs can vary between 2.9-3.4 Mcal/kg of digestible energy. As long as it is not limited by its size, livestock and poultry can obtain the daily energy and nutrients they need. It is just that the feed intake varies.
Second, the principles of food coordination
(1) Appropriate feeding standards and feed ingredients should be used. The feed standards that we already have in China can be used as reference. If there are regional standards, the available regional standards can be used. For example, domestic livestock and poultry species can also refer to foreign standards. And it can be used flexibly according to the amendment of livestock growth and development and production performance reflected in the breeding practice.
(2) To diversify the feed, pay attention to feed palatability and toxic substances to achieve a reasonable mix of various feeds, in order to exert the complementary effects of various nutrients, and to increase the utilization rate and nutritional value of the diet.
(3) Controlling the crude fiber content, pay attention to the dietary fiber content of whole-stock chickens in the diet should be controlled between 2-5%, 4% for suckling pigs, 8% for growing-finishing pigs, and 12% for breeding pigs. In conjunction with feed grain, it must contain a certain amount of dry matter, so that the livestock and poultry can both eat and eat well, and can meet their nutritional needs.
(4) The quality and cheapness of grain should be ensured. In the market, there must be competitive forces to both consider the user's psychology and improve product quality. It is necessary to focus on publicizing economic benefits and appropriately emphasize input and output so that “maintenance†needs to be maintained at one-third of the daily nutrient intake.
Dietary steps The ideal diet is measured by the degree to which maximum productivity is obtained at the lowest value. That is, the value per unit of product is the final determinant of the best diet. Realizing this will enable the formula design to reach a more ideal situation. In order to cooperate with a kind of preferential and cost-effective food, the following steps should be followed:
(a) Identify and enumerate the nutritional needs or nutrient supply for the livestock fed.
(b) Determine what feeds are available for use and identify their nutritional content and nutritional value in the feed ingredients table.
(iii) Determine the feed composition costs to be considered.
(iv) Consider the limitations and limits of the feed used.
(e) Calculate the most economical feed formulation.
Fourth, the method of food compatibility There are many kinds of food compatibility methods, such as: box method, simultaneous formula method, matrix method, trial method, electronic computer method (procedure method). Although sometimes the calculations of each method are confusing, if they are done correctly, the end result is close, that is, it can economically (lowest cost) provide an ideal proportion of a proper balance of nutrients and meet the requirements of the formula. But what is even more important is to obtain maximum net profit (net profit).
Fifth, formula design
(a) When designing feed formulations, the feed is first divided into three major categories, namely: energy feed: corn, bran (sub-powder); protein feed: soybean cake (branch), cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, fish meal, blood Bone meal, etc.; Mine-dimensional supplements: including phosphorus, calcium and amino acids or premixes.
The energy feed generally accounts for 50-70% of the pig and poultry formula, the protein feed generally accounts for 20-35% (except for pregnant pigs), and the mine-dimensional supplements 3-12%. The proportion of the three types of feed differs depending on the species and different stages of growth. The simplest formula is corn + bean cake (meal) + mine-dimensional premix (including health medicine) formula. However, the price is relatively high and it is difficult for general producers to adopt it. If you want to reduce the cost of the diet, you can use cheap bran, sub-powder to replace corn, or use cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, etc., which are commonly used in the local place, but keep the minimum energy concentration and crude protein. content. If amino acids in artificially synthesized amino acid balance diets are to be added to the formula, the crude protein protein should be reduced by two percent units in the formula so as to reduce the use of more expensive protein feeds such as soybean meal and fish meal. This reduces costs.
(2) No fish meal diet formula Fish meal is a good protein feed in livestock and poultry diets. It has high protein levels, high methionine content, and good palatability, and is very popular with breeders.
However, since the 1980s, the price of fishmeal has risen sharply, there has been a shortage of imported fishmeal, and the quality of domestically produced fishmeal is not stable. The main problems are: the difference in protein content is very different, and it is difficult to differentiate counterfeit doping products, and some fields are fed mildew. The fishmeal causes muscle stomach erosion or poisoning and salmonellosis, causing unnecessary country losses. Therefore, the use of fishmeal is currently avoided in domestic and some major breeding farms.
The main source of protein for the formulation of fishmeal-free diets is soybean cake (粕), and the following issues should be noted when using fishcake (粕) instead of fishmeal:
1) The urease activity in the bean cake (粕) should meet the feed standard (2) and maintain the original protein level in the formula.
3) Add a proper amount of methionine and add lysine when necessary to make up for the deficiency of essential amino acids.
4) The whole material price is lower than when using fishmeal.
(3) It is known to use dietary (effective) amino acids for formulating diets. The protein nutrition of pigs is essentially the amino acid nutrient. Therefore, attention should be paid to the balance of amino acids in the preparation of diets, but it is often found in diets. The protein content is replaced with other cakes such as cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, etc.
Nutritionists have found out that the main reason for this problem is due to the large difference in the availability of amino acids of different protein feed sources in animals. Moreover, the utilization rate of various amino acids in the main feed of livestock and poultry has also been determined.
Therefore, some feed mills have begun to use available amino acids (mainly lysine and methionine) to formulate diets. Calculate the replacement values ​​of other cakes and bean cakes in the diet by using available amino acids to ensure the stability of the compound feed and the consistency of the effect. The utilization (%) of lysine and methionine in crude feed of pig feed is not described here.
(IV) Feed Additives and Feed Premixes
1) Feed additive It is a kind of substance that is added in the diet of livestock and poultry with a small amount to correct nutritional deficiency due to lack of dietary components or to play a special role in the growth of livestock and poultry. The feed additives can be classified into four categories: vitamins/trace elements, amino acids and growth and/or benefit promoters.
2) Premix It consists of reconstitution of one or more different traces of raw materials, such as vitamins, minerals, trace elements or drugs, which do not contain protein feed. The amount of premix used in the feed is usually 1% or less.
3) Pre-mixed material It is composed of the above pre-mixed material with constant amounts of calcium and phosphorus. Its amount is generally 1% higher, and the dosage range can vary between 1-12%.
4) Concentrate It contains a balanced proportion of protein, trace elements and other additives. It is generally added to feeds together with cereals and other raw materials. The amount of the concentrate is about 10-20% to meet the requirements of a balanced full-price feed.
5) Full price feed must contain all nutrients in a balanced proportion and meet feed needs for various nutritional components of livestock and poultry.
The purpose of the premix is ​​to safely and accurately add to the feed a small amount of trace vitamins, minerals, drugs, antibiotics, and other chemicals. The basic reasons for premixing and providing premixing are as follows:
In the final feed, the trace raw materials are evenly distributed; the problems of weighing and mixing equipment are overcome; since the amount of premix used in each ton of feed is kilograms instead of grams, the equipment of ordinary feed mills can be added; Since all the trace amounts of raw materials are already contained in the premix, the trouble of weighing different trace amounts of raw materials in the feed mill is avoided; a special manufacturer with special equipment and trained workers can produce premixes for all feed mills. Avoid the use of trace stocks of raw materials in feed mills; improve the turnover rate of trace raw materials; the premix used in the feed mill industry can be divided into three types: commodity premixes, premixes for plants, and customer premixes. .
Commodity premixes are usually single premixes of single mono traces of raw materials such as vitamins or drugs and a carrier produced by drugs or vitamin companies. For example, multivitamins can be added directly to the commercial feed and can also be used as feed before use. A one-step dilution is performed inside.
In-plant premix It refers to a diluted commodity premix or a mixture of commodity premixes plus other minor raw materials and dilutions. In-plant premixes are generally produced by feed manufacturers, but sometimes they can be supplied by one manufacturer to other feed mills.
The customer premixes it from the factory using premixes. Mixtures of commodity premixes and other trace amounts of raw materials and a dilution can satisfy a feed mill or its special needs, called customer premixes.
Technical points of feed formulation design
The design of the feed formulation must first be based on different animal and poultry requirements for various nutrients and determine the standard for feeding (nutrition requirements), followed by the nutrient content of a common feed. All nutrient indicators required by feed standards should be expressed in the feed nutrition table.