Height genes don’t just affect height

Release date: 2017-06-08

(This article first appeared on June 1, 2017, "Southern Weekend")

Height genes are not just about determining the height of a person, but about other people's diseases and health. This again proves that biological traits are multi-gene determined. In turn, a gene or a type of gene has more than one biological function, but has multiple or many functions.

Researchers at institutions such as the German Diabetes Research Center have found that older people have lower risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, but have a higher risk of cancer and death. Epidemiological data show that a 6.5 cm increase in height reduces the risk of cardiovascular death in individuals by 6%, but increases the risk of cancer by 4%.

Researchers attempt to explain this correlation through dietary factors, genes, and other mechanisms. Researchers believe that height has an important impact on the mortality caused by common diseases, but this is not related to the body fat content and other regulatory factors, the most likely is to regulate the body's metabolism and affect height through genetic mechanisms.

An article in the British Lancet and Oncology magazine explains the relationship between height and cancer. There is a link between height and the chance of suffering from 10 common cancers. In the case of women, with a margin of 153 cm, the relative risk of developing one type of cancer increases by 16% for every 10 cm in height. If the absolute risk of breast cancer in women's lifetime is 8%, it means that women who are more than 10 cm tall (153 cm) have a cancer risk of 9.28%. This shows that height and cancer have a reverse effect.

According to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, the higher the risk, the lower the risk of coronary heart disease. Using a sample of 128,000 heart patients and 65,000 heart-healthy people, the researchers analyzed and studied 180 genetic variations affecting height. After analyzing the data of more than 19,000 people, it was found that the height of the heart was increased by 13.5% for every 6.5 cm of height. A person 1.7 meters tall is 31% more likely to have a heart attack than a person who is 1.85 meters tall.

So far, the principle that people know about the height of genes is that height is multi-gene determined, can be inherited, and height genes mainly affect the height by affecting the growth and development of bones. However, researchers have difficulty figuring out how multiple genes affect height.

However, a recent study showed that certain genes in male germ cell sperm have a special relationship with height. A study by a team of researchers at Dr. Jerome F. Strauss III of the Federal University of Virginia in the United States found that targeted mutations in the sperm-associated antigen 17 (SPAG17) gene cause mouse bones. Developmental malformation, resulting in shorter hind limb length, fusion fragments in the sternum, and mineral loss in the bone. All of these conditions can cause abnormal development in mice, which is smaller than normal mice.

Humans also have the SPAG17 gene, which can be inferred that sperm abnormalities are indeed related to human height. If the SPAG17 gene is not normal, even if such sperm can bind to the egg and breed the offspring, it will cause the offspring to be short.

The SPAG17 gene was discovered during the study of male infertility, which is involved in sperm movement. However, the study of human genes is not as convenient as the study of animals, so the researchers conducted genetic research on this gene in mice. By genetic engineering, mice are deficient in the SPAG17 gene. Many of the progeny mice produced by such sperm will die 12 days after birth, and the tibia and femur of the mouse will become shorter, and bone defects and bone mineralization will be lost. phenomenon.

The researchers carefully observed the bone shape and embryonic development of mice lacking the SPAG17 gene, and cultured and studied isolated bone cells in the culture medium to see if there was any change in the ability to form bone-forming cells. The results indicate that because osteoblasts and chondrocytes express this gene, if the gene is deleted or silenced, it will cause bone deformity in mice.

If this happens in humans, the shortening of the tibia and femur can result in lower height. Of course, this is only a preliminary study. In the future, the researchers hope to conduct more in-depth research to clarify why the SPAG17 gene affects bone development and affect height, and needs to study these conditions in human cells to determine whether the SPAG17 gene is missing or In addition to causing infertility, silence can really cause short stature.

Source: Southern Weekend

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