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LPG Gas Burner
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Industrial Pig Production Technology
(1) General requirements for feeding and management The main contents of industrial pig raising and feeding management include feeding, cleaning, water supply, transfer, breeding, confinement, production, nursing, disinfection, immunization, weaning, and environmental control. Weight, survey, breeding, data records, situation reports, routine treatment, sale of pigs, etc., must be completed daily routines of feeding and management, and to meet the technical requirements, in accordance with the procedures of the feeding and management technical regulations for science Management, production and implementation of all-in all-out system. Feed and clean the pens at least twice a day, and carefully inspect the pigs, analyze and deal with various situations, and strengthen the recording and recording of epidemic prevention and strict data, and effectively conduct feeding and management according to the pig's different production stages and physiological characteristics. Ensure standardized and scientific production of factory pig production. (II) Feeding and management techniques for each process (each house) 1. Breeding workshop (1) Breeding and management of boar Because factory pig production is carried out continuously, there is no distinction between free and busy seasons. Generally, Once a boar is put into use, it is necessary to mate with a certain number of sows according to the production lap, until the productivity declines significantly, and the reserve boar is replaced. Maintaining a boar's robust physique, strong sexual desire, and strong ability to breed is a basic requirement for breeding boars. For industrial pig farms, the ratio of breeding boars to breeding boars is 1:20 to 30, and the number of male boars can be appropriately reduced under artificial insemination, and the factory pigs are mainly used for breeding purposes. In the field, the ratio of male to female must be maintained at 1:10-12. Scientific breeding and management of boars is directly related to the pros and cons of their semen quality, and is closely related to their breeding ability and breeding effect. The following technical requirements should be noted in actual production. 1Strict selection should choose healthy boars with well-functioning morphology, well-proportioned structure, good constitution, well-developed males, well-proportioned testes, well-developed forequarters, strong limbs, no sickness, obvious breed characteristics, and clear source of blood. Boar production performance based on excellence. 2 Scientific breeding Breeding of boars is mainly to ensure that they can feed enough nutrients to produce a sufficient amount of high-quality semen. In the rearing, care should be taken to ensure that the protein and energy are appropriate and that 80% to 90% of the body weight is maintained. Breeding force of the boar avoids the fat. Excessive fat can cause diseases of the limbs or hoof feet and reduce breeding performance of breeding boars. Feeding should be scheduled at least 2 times a day, while drinking water must be sufficient. The volume of feed to be supplied should not be large, and the nutrient concentration of the diet should be increased so as to avoid causing the abdomen of the boar to be too large and reduce the breeding ability. During the season of breeding, the level of protein in the diet should be appropriately increased, such as adding eggs or high-quality fish meal. The content of protein, vitamins, and minerals in the compound feed should be suitable, otherwise it will affect the growth and development of the boar, resulting in hypogonadism and reduced semen quality. 3 Appropriate exercise and careful training It is necessary to strengthen the daily moderate exercise of boars, but it is not necessarily required to drive them out. Often close to the boar and give the brush and clean the body, you can cultivate boar good sex, increase blood circulation, prevent skin diseases. To train boars, familiarize them with the breeding process. When boars are mated with sows, boars that have not been bred can be watched alongside them to make them habituated. For artificial insemination, the training must be patient and meticulous. For the first time adjusted boar, a sow-fit sow can be placed under the sperm collection table. In addition, for boars that have not been bred for a long time, attention should be paid to observing them so as to prevent them from affecting the penis by affecting their penis and affecting their ability to breed. In such a situation, the boars may be treated in a moderate manner to resolve their stress. 4 The rational breeding of local pig breeds is generally earlier in age, and highly cultivated species will be slightly later. Local breeds are generally 6 months to 7 months old and can be used when their body weight reaches 50% to 60% of their adult body weight. Out of breed pigs such as Changbai, Dabai and Duroc are 7 months to 8 months old, weighing about 120 kg before use. In order to prevent stealing and early mating from affecting the breeding ability of male boars, lean-type pigs should be male and female in groups of 4 months to 5 months of age and 70 kg to 80 kg of body weight. The boar should not be used excessively and should be strictly controlled in its frequency of use. Generally, boars are bred twice to three times a week. Adult boars can be used once a day, but it is advisable to take a rest and disable one day per week. At the same time, care should be taken to keep the environment of the breeding facility comfortable and quiet. In particular, no frightening or squeaking should be allowed during the breeding period. The breeding staff should be relatively fixed so that the boars are familiar with and have a close feeling and are convenient for breeding; when the weight difference between male and female pigs is large , should be assisted with the breeding rack or in the slope of the breeding bar, so that the sow station downhill dump, sow station uphill position to improve the breeding effect. Also pay attention to changes in the seasons and temperatures, summer heat season to take measures to prevent heatstroke, breeding should be selected when the morning and evening cool. 5 focus on detection, proper elimination of boars should constantly test their performance, especially the quality of semen, sperm vitality, must be resolutely eliminated poor performance, the useful life can not be too long, the implementation of the best age structure can maintain the boar Good production capacity. 6 Strengthen prevention of disease and prevent diseases Usually, the boar must be strengthened and disinfected, and the occurrence of various infectious diseases should be strictly prevented. A vaccine injection of swine fever, swine erysipelas, swine plague, etc., and at least two dewormings should be conducted every six months. . It is necessary to prevent boars and Japanese encephalitis, parvovirus diseases, etc. from growing boars. When the boar suffers from fever symptoms, it will seriously affect the effect of breeding, and it is necessary to postpone the breeding and use it after being cured. For boars with poor performance and poor libido, they should carefully analyze the causes. It is a simple and practical means to check the nutrient content and frequency of their diets. If the last resort is absolutely necessary, testosterone propionate hormone or intramuscular injection of VE and VA may be used. treatment. (2) Feeding management of young sows Young sows are generally selected from the breeding workshop and transferred to the reserve pigs used for production or newly introduced breeding sows. In order to give full play to their breeding performance, they should be used after the first breeding. A lot of weight gain, to feed high-concentration diets. It is expected that there will be 20 weaned piglets per year for the breeding sow and an average of 6 nests to 9 nests in one lifetime. This means providing 120 to 180 weaned piglets throughout their lives. Before juvenile sows are bred, they must be fed in moderation and restriction, keeping the diet at 2.5 kg to 3 kg, and adopt a suitable small group rearing, which is conducive to the lure of love period behavior and observation after mating, and is convenient for breeding. For the first time, the feed for pregnancy is kept very stable, about 2 kg to 2.5 kg per head per day. The sows should be supplemented (short-term superior feeding techniques) a few days before breeding to increase the number of ovulation, but the level of dietary feeding should be moderately reduced after mating, which is favorable for embryo implantation. Young sows should not be too fat or too thin before mating. Early-age and high-quality foreign-breed pigs are from 7 months to 8 months of age, while our country's local pigs are later, from about 6 months to 7 months. (3) Feeding and management of empty sows The empty sows of the breeding plant are mainly sows that are weaned to pre-sowing, as well as individual abortions or foster sows. Under normal circumstances, gilts can be bred 5 days to 7 days after weaning, but some pigs have no estrus or repeated infertility for a long period of time. This is mainly due to improper feeding and management, reproductive system diseases, or sow body condition. Caused by fat or too thin, most of them are overweight due to malnutrition during breastfeeding. Weaned sows should increase their nutritional status and increase the amount of feed so that they can quickly return to normal conditions. Short-term excellent feeding is often used in actual production to promote estrus in estrus. The feeding methods are illustrated as follows: 2 days before weaning, 3 days before weaning, 3 days after weaning, 3 days after weaning, 2 days of weaning, 2 days of reduced feed (promoting development, increasing ovulation number) → Feeding for 4 to 7 days → estrus (purpose to dry milk to prevent mastitis in weaned sows) But for sows with poor licking and excessive wasting during late lactation, less or no reduction in feed before and after weaning, as much as possible after dry milk To increase nutrition, free feeding methods can be adopted to make it possible to restore body condition and heat quickly. Conversely, for overweight obese sows, feed less before and after weaning, or feed green roughage to return to moderate estrus and heat. (4) Breeding observation and breeding records The empty sows and the sows that are 17 days to 24 days after mating should observe the estrus situation carefully, and make a diary authentication diary carefully, analyze it carefully, and timely breed. Breeding strictly in accordance with the proposed breeding program and breeding methods, after mating, carefully record and match the boar ear number, breeding date and breeding effect. (5) Breeding and management practices for breeding workshops. Breeding boars, back-fed females and sows, sows to be bred and sows that have been bred within 28 days are required for the breeding workshop. The work includes feeding, drinking, cleaning, transfer, Disinfection, estrus identification, mating, pregnancy diagnosis, sperm collection and quality assessment. Feeding: Boars 2.5 kg/day to 3 kg/day, sows 2.2 kg/day to 2.5 kg/day, moderately increased body weight, moderate body weight reduction of body condition, attention to weaned sows in feeding The dry milk to prevent the occurrence of mastitis and the use of short-term superior feeding technology, the group did not feed on the same day, transferred to the breeding workshop's herds (weaned sows, abortion sows, replacement pigs, rear litter sows) Prepare feed before switching to feed. Drinking water: At the same time, pay attention to observe whether the automatic drinker is blocked or damaged, and repair and exchange it in time. The weaned sow was transferred from the delivery workshop to the day of water cut and the water supply started the next day. Cleaned manure: Clean the manure and sow pens every day, every morning and afternoon, keep them clean and dry, open the high-pressure excrement equipment, and drain the excrement in the manure ditch. Transmigration: According to different design scales, a batch of weaned sows are transferred regularly and a batch of pregnant sows is transferred to the pregnancy workshop. All swarms should be fasted. When the swarm is transferred to the sow, the back door should be opened. After the sows are rushed into the stalls, they should be closed immediately. When the swarm is transferred, the sows should be concentrated, but crowding should be avoided and the sows should be slowly Drive along the aisles along the wall, and carry all sorts of recorded card information with the pig to check in the position so that the production management can be observed and analyzed. The breeder workshop and the pregnant plant keepers should pick up the pigs in time, and prepare the fields in advance. Feed etc. Disinfection: After vacating a certain number of sow rearing unit fields according to the actual production scale, the ground and sow fields are rinsed with water on the same day, and chemical agents (such as caustic soda, compound phenols, NBB, 100 poisons, etc.) are taken the next day. Formaldehyde, etc.) are used after disinfection. The sterilizing procedure is: rinsing, sterilizing, rinsing, disinfecting, disinfecting, drying, washing with water before use. In addition, at least a quarter of the breeding workshop is weekly housed and sprayed with a pig body for disinfection. Estrus identification: Based on the weaning date, the sow’s estrous date is estimated. Reserve pigs are estimated based on their body weight and age, and gilts and small seedlings are injected one month before the gilts are mated. After three times, they are included in the breeding. Sows group to be equipped. Observe the feed intake of all sows in the breeding workshop every day (do not eat or eat less), and then check the sow's pudendal changes (redness, flow, mucus, and purplish red) by head, and press back, touch the pus, or use the test. Feeling boar and other methods to determine a certain number of estrus sows to be assigned, and make estrus identification observation and analysis diary. Breeding: According to the matching plan, the cultivator rushes the matching sow into the breeding column to make the transfer or perform artificial insemination. This manual should be hand-assisted (by hand raising the sow's tail to one side, to facilitate the insertion of the boar's penis, and to clean the genitals of the male and female pigs, so as to avoid unclean infections), and to observe the contraction of the anus muscles of the boar after matching. The performance of sows when they were mated and recorded the effect of breeding. The breeding time should be arranged after 1.5 to 2 hours after feeding. Pregnancy diagnosis: For gilts that have been bred, whipping and intimidation are strictly prohibited. Observe the changes of appearance of sows that have been bred during the daily feeding. If the body blister is increased and the coat is smooth, the pregnancy can be preliminarily determined. If the pregnancy diagnosis instrument can be confirmed, the accuracy is different due to the operator's and technical proficiency. Observed in the production of more than 28 days after mating, if no estrus performance is generally recognized as pregnant sows, and transferred to pregnant laboratories. Sows that have estrus after mating should be promptly programmed into nursery pigs to be allocated. Semen collection and semen quality inspection: A seminal quality evaluation is performed on the boars every two weeks. The reserve boars can be used only after the quality of the semen is evaluated according to the age and weight. For mature boars that have only had one transfer within a week, they can collect one or two times a week to provide fresh essence. Dika pig and its supporting system Dika pig is the general name of the supporting pig breed developed by the United States Decathal Corporation. Decca is the place name of the United States. The matching system refers to a system in which a number of excellent pig breeds, based on their respective excellent traits, are established on the basis of complex selection and breeding using the hybrid test method and can stably obtain the maximum heterosis. Supporting pig breeds differ from traditional pig breeds such as Landrace and Great White. It does not belong to the concept of breeds. In foreign countries, the breeding work for breeding matching pigs has developed rapidly. It represents the current direction of international pig breeding. Supporting breeding pigs are the best breeding pigs in the world today. Some foreign countries also call the descendants of the matching breeding pigs mixed and mixed breeds. . The Dika matching system has a complete breeding system for pigs. This system ensures that the breeding pigs have a variety of good traits, which is its technical sign. The breeding system consists of the following components: The ancient ancestor (code name GGP), also known as the original species, is the original species. The original Dicka ancestral pigs consisted of five specialized strains (Note: this is not called cultivar) and are represented by A, B, C, E, F five letters. The pigs of these five specialized strains originate from the current world. The best breeds of pigs, such as Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace, Great White, etc., can therefore be said that the Dika pigs have all the advantages of these breeds. The five specialized strains of the original Decca ancestors were pure lines, and they were the “heads†of the Dica matching pigs. All of them can be self-bred, that is, there are boars and sows in each specialized strain, and it is entirely possible to guarantee the continuity of the offspring by self-mating and no segregation of characters occurs. By implementing the breeding system, the quality of the population can be continuously improved. The original ancestors of the Zeng ancestors also shouldered the production tasks of ancestral pigs A, B, C, and D at the same time. The ancestral breeder pigs in the Dica matching line can only be produced on the original breeding farms of the Zhuang ancestors (the original Dica Tzu ancestors introduced in China were all raised in the original breeding farms of the Beijing Pig Breeding Center). The ancestors (code GP) included A and C boars, B and D sows (A and C sows, B and D boars were all fattened on the original breeding farm). The ancestors of the ancestors of the ancestral pig farms, which were raised in the original ancestral pig farms of the ancestors, were produced in the manner of A male B mothers and C male D mothers. They obtained Dika parental breeder pigs, ie, AB boars and CD females. (AB sows and CD boars were all marketed in the ancestral farms). The ancestral pig farms must be produced in the above manner, otherwise there is no guarantee that the greatest degree of heterosis in the offspring will be consistent with the group. At the level of the ancestral pigs, self-breeding cannot be carried out. The ancestral pigs cannot produce ancestral breeders, but can only produce parent breeders. Therefore, the ancestral farms must maintain their breeding herds every year. It was provided by the original ancestral pig farm, otherwise it could not continue normal production. The ancestral pig farm is the next level of the Zengzu pig farm and has more hybrid advantages. Cross-breeding is conducted at the level of the ancestral pig farms. The production level is higher than that of the Zengzu pig farms, and the organization is not complicated. No breeding work is done at the level. The parental generation (codenamed PS) includes AB boars and CD-based sows. The parental generation farms reared parental AB boars and CD-based sows purchased from the ancestral farms and manufactured them on the basis of AB male and female CD mothers. Parental generation farms are also known as commercial farms. The parent breeding farms conducted the two-hybrid breeding method, and the obtained hybrid offspring concentrated all the advantages of the five specialized strains of the original ancestors of the Zeng ancestors, and had the best production performance. In many areas, the production performance of the Dika commercial substitute pigs is superior to that of many other pig breeds. However, it must be kept in mind that merchandise replacement pigs must not be used as breeding pigs. The Dika matching system was the original breed of pigs of the Zhuang generation and is derived from the finest pig breeds in the world today. However, instead of randomly purchasing these breeds from various farms for crossbreeding, they will get the same effect as the Dika matching breed pigs because The Dijiazong generation original breed includes many excellent breeds of pigs, but it is necessary to use advanced breeding techniques to develop specialized strains and to establish matching systems through systematic hybridization methods (breeding known as combining ability determination). system. This process requires a great deal of investment, not what ordinary hybrids can do. In the system of the Dica Pig Breeding System, no matter which generation of breeding pigs is divided into a patrilineal line and a maternal line. Among the original ancestors of this system, the A and B lines belong to the paternal line, and the C, E and F lines belong to the mother line. In breeding, the paternal family has outstanding growth and development rates (days needed to reach the slaughter weight), excellent carcass quality (lean lean rate, etc.) and fattening traits (feed remuneration), and the maternal maintains rapid growth and development. On the basis of speed, there are outstanding reproductive performance, such as the number of births (including the number of live births) and the number of births per year. The maternal lineage is significantly higher than the paternity in terms of reproductive performance. There are different fathers and mothers in the patriline and maternal lines, and the positions of the pigs in the breeding system are not interchangeable. This means that the Dica matching pig breeds were carefully selected and bred on multiple trials. High-protein feed - winter grazing 70 ryegrass winter grazing 70 ryegrass (Secale Cerale) Department of grass, annual herbal pasture. Since 1979, the United States has introduced more than 20 years of cultivation history. The National Herbage Species Approval Committee was appraised at the 2nd National Pasture Verification Ceremony held in Nanning, Guangxi on December 19th to 5th, 1987 and ranked among the top 3 Chinese and foreign varieties approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. The winter grazing 70 ryegrass has the following advantages: First, full nutrition and high content. Dongmu 70 rye contains high protein, high fat, and high lysine. It was determined that the protein content was 28.32%, fat 6.83%, and lysine 1.62% in the green barley. The protein content was 3.29 times that of corn and 23 times that of wheat. The crude fat content was 1.95 times that of corn and 3.7 times that of wheat. The acid content is 6 times that of corn and 4.9 times that of wheat. At the same time, there are totally 15 kinds of amino acid content. 10 kinds of essential amino acids are needed for pigs, and 9 species of winter grazing and 70 rye are suitable for feeding pigs. Moreover, the content of trace elements and carotene is also very high. It contains 18.38 mg of copper, 17.13 mg of zinc, 367.5 mg of iron, 55.63 mg of manganese, 20.82 mg of magnesium, 2.86 mg of potassium, and 193.1 mg of carotene per kg of dry matter. Second, wide adaptability, strong resistance. After many years of planting experiments, China is suitable for planting from Yinchuan, east of Guiyang, south of Beijing, and north of Nanling, and it can also grow on infertile lands, and it does not affect salty soils (salinized fluvo-aquic soils) in Xiaoguan. Growing, sowing with wheat is better than growing wheat. Third, the roots developed, resistant to cold. The grain of winter ryegrass 70 ryegrass can start to germinate at the temperature of 0.5-2.5°C, and the germination rate can reach 82.23%- 4.83% on 21 days. The phenomenon of frost damage is not found in stems and seedlings placed in -15°C ice for 24 hours. The optimal temperature for the pasture 70 rye is 15°C and 0°C. The average height of the plant is 1.5-2.4 cm per day, and 0.33 g of dry matter is accumulated daily. The critical temperature for stopping the growth was 0.4°C, but it was not affected by freezing. Compared with the wheat crops, it has strong tillering ability and developed root system, which is also the reason of cold resistance. According to the measurements in Xiaoguan Town, the average yield per plant is 25.5, and the highest is 33. Its fibrous roots are long and long, and gradually extend deeper as the growth period increases. At the end of the tillering period, the root system is 100 cm deep, the heading period is up to 150 cm, and the underground part is about 15% of the whole plant. Fourth, rapid growth, high yield. Dongmu 70 black grass grows quickly and has strong regeneration. 30-35 days after emergence, the plants are 24-30 cm tall and can be cut and used for the first time. The damage is done 4-6 times in the whole year. If the seedlings are preserved, they can be cut several times and each time the fresh grass yields 750-1250 kg. A total of 4,500-6,500 kilograms was collected, and 1,500-2,166 kilograms of hay was collected. From the point of view of fresh grass production at different sowing dates, it is better from mid-August to mid-October. Early sowing and late sowing will affect the yield. Fifth, good palatability, high feed value. The winter grazing ryegrass grass has good palatability, high nutritional value, and it can be fed in green barley and can be made into hay powder. According to the results of feeding trials in Xiaoguan Town of Wendeng City, the effect was obvious. Dong Zongnong, a villager specializing in breeding rabbits, Sun Zongmin. In 1999, 30 long-haired rabbits were fed with winter grazing and 70 ryegrass. The average weight gain was 500 grams per 15 days. Each rabbit had more hair per horse than the control group (75 days). Increase 50%. Exploiting feed resources to reduce the cost of raising pigs In recent years, due to the sharp fall in the price of pork, farmers believe that raising pigs costs a lot and make less money. How to open up feed resources and reduce pig raising costs? 1. Reasonable planting of green fodder Summer, autumn and autumn feed sources are abundant, while in winter and spring, green fodder is lacking and sources are difficult. The solution can grow spring green crops such as spring soybean, big radish, Chinese cabbage, kale, and ryegrass. 2, make full use of crop straw, leaves and other crop stalks, leaves, straw contains rich nutrition. However, many farmers in the countryside are using firewood, which is a pity. If straws, rice straw, peanuts, etc. are crushed and processed, they can replace 40% of the concentrate feed. 3, comprehensive use of feed to feed chickens, and then use chicken manure as pig feed. After chicken urine has been deodorized and sterilized, it can replace some of the concentrate feed. The treatment method can be naturally dried, air-dried and crushed, and can also be sterilized with boiling water at 100° C., and then feed 30% chicken manure with grass feed directly. Practice has proved very good.